<p>The Wientjes Barn and Ranch Yard are a historic farm property in rural Campbell County, South Dakota, USA It consists of a barn and ranch yard located amid other farm buildings near the junction of 299th Avenue and 117th Street, west-southwest of Mound City. The barn, built in 1909, is a large wood frame structure with a gambrel roof and integral shed extensions on the long sides, bringing the structure to a shape that is 64 ft square. The yard is divided into several sections, with corrals south and west of the barn, with a calf shed measuring 50 x where the two corrals meet. The barn was built by Claus Wientjes, a Dutch immigrant, and is a high quality example of the increasingly rare rural South Dakota barn.</p><br>
<p>The ranch yard and barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Dux Hut is a heritage-listed hut at Dux Anchorage, South Stradbroke Island, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to by Augie Dux. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dux Hut was erected, on Oyster Camp Reserve R.638 on South Stradbroke Island, in conjunction with oysterman Augie Dux&#39;s working of the oyster bank directly opposite, in Tipplers Passage.</p><br>
<p>Oyster cultivation in Moreton Bay has been regulated since 1863, and exploitation of the Bays oyster banks as a food source by the indigenous population dates many thousands of years. In the mid-1820s, British convicts employed in establishing a penal settlement at Moreton Bay collected and burned oyster shells to produce lime, and during the first two decades after the opening of the district to free settlement in 1842, oyster shells (often including the live oysters) were collected by the schooner-load for the same purpose. This exploitative practice was prohibited under the Queensland colonial governments Oyster Act of 1863, which introduced a licensing system for oyster cultivation. The Oyster Act of 1874 implemented further controls: a system of annual licenses regulated the collection and cultivation of bank oysters (oysters found or cultivated between high-water mark and two feet below the level of low-water mark), and seven-year leases were made available for dredge oyster sections within the Bay. Dredge oysters were identified as those found below the level of two feet below low-water mark. These leases were offered at public auction, and attracted high prices during the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>By 1886, oyster fisheries in Moreton Bay extended for nearly 100 miles, from Southport to Caloundra. 178 oyster banks, comprising over 5,000 acres, were being worked, and 40 dredge sections were available for lease. Moreton Bay and Sandy Straits were considered the great nurseries and breeding-grounds for oysters on the eastern seaboard of the Australian Continent, with an estimated 40,000 oyster cultivation bags in Moreton Bay, and scope for many times this number. The principal export market for Moreton Bay oysters was Melbourne, but periodic glutting of that market by New Zealand oysters was problematic for the Queensland industry. The industry was plagued also by operators who denuded oyster banks, and made little or no effort at replenishing the stock.</p><br>
<p>The Oyster Act of 1886 was introduced to encourage sustainable oyster culture (the cultivation of oysters and the taking of oysters for sale). The Act offered transferable, 14 year leases over identified oyster grounds which could comprise both an oyster dredge section and oyster banks. Licenses were still available for working oyster banks not within a dredge section. A penalty for selling undersized oysters was introduced, and lessees and licensees were required to register a brand, which had to appear on all oyster bags. Importantly, lessees had to reserve some cultivation on each bank, and to constantly renew the oyster stock.</p><br>
<p>To encourage the oyster industry further, and to regulate the practice of oystermen "squatting" on Crown land, the Queensland government in 1889 proclaimed 26 oyster camp reserves, varying from 5 to 40 acres, in Moreton Bay and Sandy Straits. On these reserves, licensed oystermen were permitted to camp, build houses, fence in small allotments, and carry out activities associated with oyster farming. Further oyster camp reserves were proclaimed in the 1890s and early 20th century, as the need arose. Oyster Camp Reserve R.638, a five-acre reserve at Jurim, south of Tippler&#39;s Landing, was gazetted in 1896 under the provisions of the Crown Lands Act of 1884, following application by the Inspector of Oyster Fisheries that a camping ground for oyster bank licensees was required urgently near Swan Bay.</p><br>
<p>The largest leaseholder of oyster dredge sections and oyster banks in Moreton Bay from the late 1870s to the 1920s was The Moreton Bay Oyster Company, established in 1876. The Company operated leaseholds near Stradbroke and Bribie Islands and at Hervey Bay, employing a small community of workers. In the southern Bay a camp was established on the mainland at Coombabah, north of Southport. In 1881 the Company took over the lease of Currigee run on South Stradbroke Island, and a small settlement of oystermen and their families was established there as well.</p><br>
<p>Oyster cultivation in Moreton Bay peaked in the period 1880–1910. The breaking through of the ocean at Jumpinpin in May 1898, separating Stradbroke Island into North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island, decimated the oyster banks of southern Moreton Bay; this, combined with mud worm infestations, competition in the market place from New Zealand oysters, increased labour costs, and over exploitation of the oyster banks, culminated in the industry declining after 1910. However, The Moreton Bay Oyster Company continued its operations until 1965, and after the company was wound down, a number of its oyster leaseholds were taken up by previous employees. By the mid-1980s, there were no longer any dredge oyster sections in Moreton Bay, and Queensland wide, oyster production had fallen to 10% of peak period (1880–1910) output. Labour-intensive oyster cultivation is now rare in Queensland, and most oyster bank licensees harvest naturally occurring oysters.</p><br>
<p>Dux Hut on South Stradbroke Island was erected on Oyster Camp Reserve R.638, opposite Oyster Bank 122 in Tippler&#39;s Passage, by Augie Dux of Labrador, who had taken up the licence of this oyster bank in 1928, under the provisions of The Fish and Oyster Act of 1914. From early maps, this bank appears to coincide with Oyster Bank 122 worked from at least 1884 by Henry Tippler, a pioneer of oyster farming in southern Moreton Bay. Tipplers Island and Tipplers Passage are both named after Henry Tippler.</p><br>
<p>Freidrich Carl August (Augie) Dux, born in 1878, was the son of German immigrants who settled at Nundah in the early 1870s. In the 1880s the family moved to Caboolture, where Augies father, Johann Dux, took up fishing, crabbing and oyster culling at Pumistone Passage and Bribie Island. Dux Street and Dux Creek at Caboolture were named after this family. As a youth, Augie worked with his father on the oyster banks, and in the early 1900s, moved to southern Moreton Bay where he worked as an oysterman, eventually gaining employment with the Moreton Bay Oyster Company based at Currigee. He married Lillian OConnell of Currigee in 1905, and the family moved to Southport.</p><br>
<p>Augie Dux later took up several oyster bank licenses in southern Moreton Bay, including Oyster Bank 122 in Tipplers Passage (1928). His sons helped him to develop the oyster banks, obtaining timber and shell bedding from Crusoe and Rat islands nearby. On Oyster Camp Reserve R.638, directly opposite Oyster Bank 122, Augie Dux and his son Stanley erected a one-roomed hut, for use when working their oyster lease in Tipplers Passage. It is understood they re-used timbers initially cut by Augie in 1918, when the family moved to Broad Street, Labrador, where they erected a house of saplings and bark, with a hardwood floor. About 1929 this house was demolished and replaced with a new house of milled-timber, the timbers of the 1918 building being re-cycled in the hut on South Stradbroke Island. The stumps of this hut are understood to be of Bloodwood, the framing of Ti-tree saplings, and the floor and some of the wall linings of hardwood, all of which was cut by Augie Dux and his sons in the Labrador area. Oyster farming at this period was still highly labour-intensive, and poaching was a continual problem. Stanley Dux recalls spending from Monday to Saturday each week at the hut, working and guarding the oyster bank.</p><br>
<p>About the same time as the hut was erected, the Dux family also constructed a jetty of cypress pine, immediately in front of the hut. This jetty survived for many decades, but now only a few stumps remain in the foreshore to indicate the location.</p><br>
<p>The Dux family retained the license to Oyster Bank 122 until August 1957. They were well known in southern Moreton Bay - the reserve in front of their Labrador home was named Dux Oval, and the foreshore in front of their South Stradbroke Island hut became known as Dux Anchorage. Since their time, the hut has been extended with a skillion-roofed kitchen, the window openings have been changed, the corrugated iron sheeting has been replaced, and a number of introduced shade trees have been planted.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent licensees of Oyster Bank 122 used the hut in association with working the oyster bank until two new sheds were erected about 50 metres to the south, in the 1980s. From the early 1970s, Dux Hut has been used also as a recreational venue - and exclusively so since the 1980s. In 1995, R.638 was repealed, and Dux Hut currently (February 1998) sits on Unallocated State Land.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dux Hut is located on the western shore of South Stradbroke Island, facing Tippler&#39;s Passage in Moreton Bay. It sits above the high water mark and is surrounded by primarily native vegetation on the inland side, some of which has been cleared in the immediate vicinity of the hut, and by mangrove flats, on the bay side. A mature rubber tree in front of the hut, and several other mature, introduced trees close-by, provide shade.</p><br>
<p>Two recent structures associated with a working oyster bank are located on the southern side of the hut, but are obscured from view by the surrounding vegetation. Timber piles from a jetty are evident in the water in front of the hut, and an oyster bank is located in the bay, slightly to the south of the hut.</p><br>
<p>There are two distinct sections to the hut; the original gable-roofed section which is elevated on timber stumps, and a skillion-roofed extension which was constructed on the northern side of the original structure after 1957. This section sits at a lower level.</p><br>
<p>The original section consists of a single room. It has a post and sapling unlined frame, held together in a variety of methods, including wire and string ties, nails and rudimentary mortice and tenon joints. Some of the ties are of nylon string and appear to have been added at a later stage.</p><br>
<p>The frame is clad externally with disparate pieces of corrugated iron. The framework internally suggests that there were previously window openings. However, these are now covered with corrugated iron. A window in the western side is thought to have been added at a later date and comprises a corrugated iron flap which is hinged along the top and opens outwards, supported by a timber prop.</p><br>
<p>The gable roof is also clad in corrugated iron and the floor is of timber boards, overlaid with variously patterned linoleum pieces. The room is furnished with a number of single beds.</p><br>
<p>On the northern side of the original section is an annexe. This is at a lower level than the original section and has a skillion roof. The construction technique is similar to that of the original section, with an unlined timber frame externally clad in corrugated iron. However, the frame is constructed of machined timber members and the corrugated iron is in sheets rather than small pieces. Large openings, of similar design to the window in the original section, are located in each side of the annexe and doors are located in the western and northern sides. At the front of this area is a sink and benchtop, and the remainder of the space is divided by a minimal amount of furniture.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dux Hut was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Dux Hut on South Stradbroke Island, erected in association with the working of Oyster Bank 122 in Tippler&#39;s Passage, is important in illustrating aspects of the early-established and important oyster industry in Moreton Bay. In particular, it demonstrates the important relationship of the oyster reserves established by the Queensland government in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the working of oyster banks and oyster dredge sections. Significantly, the hut remains in situ, on the shoreline, opposite a working oyster bank taken up by at least 1884.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Local knowledge suggests that Dux Hut is one of only a few oystermen&#39;s huts remaining in southern Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It has been well maintained, and despite some changes, still demonstrates the principal characteristics of an oystermans improvised camp: small scale, simplicity of design, use of re-cycled materials, and lack of amenities. With the addition of a skillion-roofed kitchen extension, changed window openings, and introduced shade trees, the place also demonstrates the principal characteristics of a squatters beach-side recreational hut.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Dux Hut is of aesthetic significance, largely due to its bayside setting. The rustic and rudimentary construction techniques also contribute to its aesthetic qualities and assist in the integration of the hut in the landscape.</p><br>
<p>Osterfelderkopf  is a summit of the Wetterstein range in the German state of Bavaria.</p><br>
<h2>Alpinism</h2><br>
<p>The Osterfelderkopf lies below the northern ridge of the Alpspitze and the Höllentorkopf. It is only a few meters away from the top station of the Alpspitzbahn cablecar and is part of the skiing area Garmisch Classic.</p><br>
<p>Besides skiing there are various other alpine activities with the Osterfelderkopf at the starting point. Several Via Ferrata are reachable from the Osterfelderkopf, being Nordwandsteig and Mauerläufersteig to Bernadeinkopf, and Alpspitzferrata to Alpspitze. A famous climbing route close by leading to the Zugspitze is the Jubiläumsgrat.</p><br>
<p>The Osterfelderkopf is also a starting point for paragliding.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Springbrook Road is a heritage-listed road at Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road, Springbrook, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1925 to 1928. It is also known as Memorial Cairn, Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road, and Toll Road. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 October 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road was constructed to encourage settlement and development in the Springbrook area in the mid 1920s. Several elements including two curved timber bridges, a water trough and a water fountain date from this early construction time.</p><br>
<p>The difficulty of access to the Springbrook plateau was a significant factor in the delay of settlement. Prior to settlement in 1906, the only access consisted of a walking trail on the western side that ended up in the Numinbah Valley. Once land was advertised for selection, the Queensland Lands Department was required to provide a road.</p><br>
<p>The early settlers knew that for their farms to succeed, reliable access was necessary. The determination to provide an alternate route off the mountain resulted in two tracks being brushed through the forest. One headed off the southern end of the plateau towards the village of Mudgeeraba. Jim Hardy and George Trapp blazed the Mudgeeraba track by following the ridge that separates the east and west branches of Little Nerang Creek. When they reached the confluence of the two creeks they turned east, only to find that the Nimmel Range blocked their way. By skirting round the flanks of Mount Nimmel, they managed to reach the dirt track that linked Mudgeeraba with the little cluster of farms near Neranwood.</p><br>
<p>By 1914 the track was upgraded to allow horse-drawn wagons known as "buckboards" to negotiate the rough terrain. It coiled its way off the mountain down present-day Carrick Road and beyond to the meeting of the east of west branches of the Little Nerang Creek, over the Mount Nimmel Range and on through the Alstonville Valley before joining the present road at the Alstonville turn-off. The first Springbrook to Mudgeeraba road was an improvement on the brushed track.</p><br>
<p>After several deputations in the 1920s to the Minister for Main Roads, it was decided to survey a new route onto the mountain. The gradient required for such an undertaking was of much concern to the surveyors. A gradient of 1 in 18 was considered to be the limit for successful road building in Queensland at the time. The deputations from the Springbrook residents must have been very persuasive as the proposed Springbrook road required a gradient of 1 in 12 and in parts 1 in 10. It is believed to be the first road in Queensland to have been successfully constructed using such a steep gradient. A Swiss engineer named Juries was employed to conduct the initial survey, due to his experience in mountainous country. Fred Parkes, the Main Roads engineer and Tom Peters who represented the Nerang Shire, were grateful for his expertise. The terrain was so rough and steep that it was necessary to dig toeholds into the sheer hillsides, to enable the men to safely carry the delicate survey instruments to the next position.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called for each one and a half miles of surveyed section and C.J. Hicks, a road contractor from northern New South Wales, tendered successfully for the construction of the new road. He commenced work at Rathbone&#39;s crossing in March 1925 and reached the eastern bank of the Little Nerang Creek in February 1926. Just over three miles of road had been constructed at a cost of £15,500. The section between Neranwood and Wunburra proved to be the most difficult of all. Work commenced in September 1925 and it took until November 1928 to complete the four miles of backbreaking road work at a cost of £20,000.</p><br>
<p>The men employed on the road had a camp on the ridge that runs between Big Gully and Watertrough Gully. These were the two greatest natural obstacles to the construction of a road and where the construction gang would spend most of its time. The provision of living quarters for the men was governed by specific regulations. A single man had to be supplied with a canvas tent measuring 6 feet by 8 feet. A married man was entitled to a tent measuring 8 feet by 10 feet, and if he brought his family along, a tent measuring 10 feet by 12 feet was provided.</p><br>
<h3>Completion</h3><br>
<p>The road was officially opened in February 1928. The sign erected at the toll gates at the base of Wunburra Range, just above the present Neranwood Park, proclaimed the times that traffic was allowed to travel up or down the narrow one-way road. A speed limit of 12 miles per hour was recommended. It was called the Toll Road as a charge was payable for each journey up or down the mountain. During the 1930s the toll was nine pence each way, rising to one shilling in the 1940s. Mrs Leu, whose husband had worked on constructing the road, became the gatekeeper. She was on call 24 hours a day, irrespective of the weather or personal considerations and received the sum of 30 shillings a week. She took her responsibility very seriously, especially in the 1940s, when the timber jinkers were frequent users of the one-way. She would not allow any vehicle to pass if the time for the down traffic had just lapsed as it was always possible that a vehicle was still on the road. The toll was removed on 30 November 1945.</p><br>
<p>The stone water trough was built by the men who constructed and maintained Springbrook Road, as the only watering point for their horses on the high mountain stretches. It is now used as a well and is a tourist attraction. Visitors make use of the opportunity to drink the clean spring water and collect some to take home. The gully is part of Wunburra, which means For Run Up Hill-Hunting Dog, which forms part of Springbrook National Park.</p><br>
<p>The curved wooden bridges were built by Charlie Kolb, a bridge builder. He built the first one over the Little Nerang for just over £5,000. The bridges are an unusual feature of the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba road, in the fact that they were very early examples of this kind of bridge on a steeply sloped mountainous roadway to be built in Queensland. The timber decking has been replaced, and signs at both ends of the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road remind motorists that the bridges are not suitable for large vehicles.</p><br>
<p>A memorial cairns was constructed at Hardy&#39;s Lookout, off the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road in 1961 by the residents of Springbrook to celebrate the opening of the now heritage-listed Springbrook State School in 1911.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Springbrook Road Complex commences at the intersection of Austinville Road and the Gold Coast - Springbrook Road. The road, which is bitumened and in all but four small sections two way, rises generally in a southerly direction over a distance of approximately 22.5 kilometres. Features of the road infrastructure include:</p><br>
<p>Two curved timber bridges, one approximately 4.5 km from Austinville Road and the other about 2 km further along the road. The bridges are constructed to skirt the side of the mountain in tight corners, removing the need for major cutting into the mountain or filling a valley at this point to create flat surfaces for the road to continue.</p><br>
<p>The bridges are constructed from a combination of round and squared hardwood, with support formed by round logs braced with pairs of squared members. A standard timber balustrade with ribbed metal safeguard strip has replaced an early timber balustrade. Recent timber decking covers both of the bridges, which are aligned with the adjacent bitumen road. The bridges provide access for only one lane of traffic and a give way sign on the north facing access road regulates traffic.</p><br>
<p>A one-way road section starting at 11.5 km and finishing at about 12.5 km from the Austinville Road is an unusual feature of the roadway. At the southern end of this part of the road is a water fountain and water trough fed from a nearby spring. The two rustic features are site near to one another on the mountain side of the road and being constructed of the stone of the mountain are barely discernible from the surrounding landscape. The trough is a long and heavy stone and concrete basin and the water fountain is formed from a stone and concrete plinth through which a fountain head is run to bubble on the top surface.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the Springbrook-Nerang Road intersection, the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road separates into two distinct roadways. The area of the lower, southern facing road is of high aesthetic value beauty with large dramatic cuttings of the mountainous volcanic stone surmounted by natural vegetation. To the east of this part of the driveway are fleeting but expansive views of the valley and lower areas below increasing the quality of sublimity of the area.</p><br>
<p>Wunburra Lookout is a small cleared area just off the roadway and is signed. It consists of a concrete and rock viewing platform looking out over the valley with a simple chain wire safety fence.</p><br>
<p>At Hardy&#39;s Lookout a small clearing to the west of the roadway near the entrance to Old School Road, is a small Memorial Cairn constructed of stone set in concrete and recording the names of pioneers of Springbrook from 1906. Nineteen names are recorded on a brass plaque. Surmounting the cairn is a flat brass disc is a north point with place direction references.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 October 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Springbrook Road Complex was important in the consolidation and expansion of the Springbrook region and also in providing access to Springbrook National Park. Prior to its completion access to the plateau had been extremely limited which seriously affected development of the area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The trough and water fountain are remnants of an earlier use of the road when horses were used. The survival of these elements is a rare and unusual element of the Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road has aesthetic significance as a picturesque place, where the natural rock formations and vegetation are juxtaposed with early evidence of man-made road cuttings and road construction. Lookouts that allow motorists to stop and enjoy the panoramic views have been popular since the roads completion. These include Wunburra Lookout, and Hardys Lookout.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It is understood that this road was the first in Queensland to have been successfully constructed using a steep gradient of 1 in 12 and, in parts, 1 in 10.</p><br>
<p>The curved timber bridges have technological significance, as they are very early examples of this kind to be built in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Memorial Cairn, included within the heritage register boundary at Hardy&#39;s Lookout, has social significance as a record of the early Springbrook settlers.</p><br>
<p>The Nansen Store is an historic retail building at 43713 228th Street in rural Miner County, South Dakota, roughly 8 miles northeast of Howard. The store is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a smaller 1-1/2 story structure attached. Although it is uncertain when the first structure was built, a store was on the site in 1903, with what was described as an addition  in 1910, and the building presently standing was fully described in a 1937 mortgage. The larger section has a full-width front porch with a hip roof, and a center entry flanked by large four-pane display windows. The smaller section is to the left of the larger one, also with a gable front. It was originally a Homestead home, probably built about 1890, since the patent for the land was 1889. The first documented operator of the store was Knut Skaar, a Norwegian immigrant.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Springbrook State School is a heritage-listed former state school in Springbrook National Park at 2873 Springbrook Road, Springbrook, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works and built from 1911 to 1953. It is also known as Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Information Centre and is now part of the national park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Information Centre, Springbrook, was erected as Springbrook State School in 1911. It was built by W Norman to a modified, low-set version of a standard Queensland Works Department School Plan.</p><br>
<p>Non-indigenous usage of the Springbrook Plateau began with the declaration of a Timber Reserve in 1879. Due mainly to inaccessibility, the timber was little exploited. In 1905, Gilbert Burnett, Forest Ranger, recommended that, as the hardwood could not be worked profitably, the area should be opened to selectors. The following year Alfrey Henry Burbank surveyed the plateau. Land was made available on the 3 September 1906, and the first settlers, mainly from the Bega area of the south coast of New South Wales, arrived in December 1906. They laboured to clear the thick bush and established small dairy and produce farms. Descendants of these settlers still live in the area. Within ten years large areas of the plateau were completely cleared.</p><br>
<p>Springbrook State School was established in 1911. In 1909, James Hardy corresponded with the Undersecretary of the Department of Public Instruction, David Ewart, concerning the possibility of a school being established at Springbrook. There were insufficient numbers for a State School and the community was not ready to fund a provisional school. The following year the Department of Public Lands received a petition to reserve an area for a school and dip, part of portion 91 held by John Boyd as Agricultural Farm 5256, Brisbane District. In February 1910, a public meeting was held to elect a School Building Committee and an "Application for a State School" was sent to the Department. In March Inspector John Shirley inspected the area and recommended establishment of a school on 15 acres to be surrendered to the Lands Department by W. Boyd. The Department of Public Works was requested to provide a plan and estimate for a school, and they suggested that reducing the structure to one verandah and stumps only two foot high would reduce the cost. W. Norman won the contract for £209 and the Inspector of Works reported the completion of the building on 18 March 1911. Miss Elisabeth Josephine McMahon was the first teacher and fifteen children were enrolled when the Springbrook State School opened on the 26 April 1911.</p><br>
<p>In the following year an extremely large New England Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus andrewsii), which grew beside the school, was cut down and burnt. The stump of this tree remains beside the school building and springboard marks are still evident on the side. In 1912, the schoolyard was fenced. In 1914, following an application to John George Appel, the Home Secretary, who lived at Beechmont and understood the weather, a stove was installed in the school. In 1915, tenders were called for the erection of a rear verandah and BF Franklin tendered £50/5/0 and was accepted. The verandah was completed in September 1915. At some stage in the early years George Morton and Colin Sprenger laid an ant bed tennis court at the site of the current carpark. Further minor repairs and painting were undertaken over the years. In 1932, the school was restumped, but the stumps were too small and the building suffered from subsidence. In 1953, new windows were installed and in 1954 the playshed was erected, on the site of a previous rough shed. At some time in the 1950s the verandahs were enclosed and a small room was built adjoining the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>The school was closed at various times during its term. In 1915, a teacher did not arrive for several months and in 1929 Grace Ethel Baker arrived as teacher but left the next day and no teacher was appointed until March. By May 1932 enrolment had dropped to ten, with an average attendance of less than six students. The Director of Education wrote and informed the committee that the small enrolment did not justify keeping the school open and the children would be accepted in the Correspondence School. Following appeals, this decision was repealed and Mr Mackie remained as teacher. By January 1933, however, enrolment had fallen to nine, and the Director of Education closed the school in March. Plans were made for moving the school building and equipment to Wunburra. A petition with 29 signatures was received protesting this removal and in May 1934 Inspector Bevington recommended that the school be opened on a trial for three months to see if attendance would improve.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, local residents celebrated the 50th anniversary of the school by constructing a memorial cairn at Hardy&#39;s Lookout on Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Road. The cairn lists pioneers of the district.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, only four children were enrolled at Springbrook State School and the school was closed in February. The Springbrook pupils were transferred to Mudgereeba State School, as were the furniture and fittings from the former Springbrook State School. School Reserve 454, comprising approximately three hectares, and its buildings was transferred to the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). The school building was used occasionally for training police cadets and then as offices by the NPWS until being converted into an Information Centre for Warrie National Park (now part of Springbrook National Park). National Parks toilets were built at the site. In 1986, the building was renovated and restumped with the aid of a Commonwealth Employment Scheme. The window paint was stripped, a new front verandah and access ramp were built and cork flooring, a pot-belly stove and information displays were installed. Landscaping was undertaken and a board walk and lookout were built. When Mount Cougal, Warrie, Wunbburra, Gwongrella and Natural Bridge National Parks amalgamated in 1990, the old school building became the Information Centre for Springbrook National Park. Over the years the area has been revegetated and the largely cleared school site is now primarily bush. In 2003, new water tanks were installed.</p><br>
<p>As dairy farming became less profitable, farms were subdivided and the population of Springbrook grew from fifty in the 1950s to 400 in 1990. In 1984, the new Springbrook State School (School number 1931) was opened at 2327 Springbrook Road.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Springbrook State School sits on a revegetated site with considerable regrowth and understorey growth. The site includes a number of structures: the Information Centre, playshed, toilet block, carpark, stump, water trough, and tanks. Beyond these is a boardwalk and lookout.</p><br>
<p>The Information Centre is in the former Springbrook State School building (1911). It is a modified version of a standard Queensland Works Department School Plan. It is a low-set timber-framed, weatherboard-clad building with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron, and numerous additions and alterations. It consists of a large classroom, an enclosed verandah at the rear, comprising two rooms, an additional kitchen adjoining the enclosed verandah, a new front verandah and an access ramp.</p><br>
<p>The classroom is a large asymmetrical VJ lined room. The tongue and groove ceiling slopes at the northern and southern ends, which were originally separate verandahs. On the southern end, the wall to the back rooms supports the additional span of the ceiling, and at the north a metal support beam has been added. The door in the northern wall is a recent French door with French lights. The southern door is a sliding boarded door, with an opening for a display. Windows on the eastern and western walls consist of a pair of hoppers to the north (covered by a display on the western wall) and a bank of windows under the central flat ceiled area. This bank of windows consists of a central casement pair (original) and a slightly taller group of two hoppers, topped by louvres. The hardware on the windows varies. The sills are made from red cedar and silky oak, now stripped and varnished. The windows all have simple awnings. The floor is covered in cork tiles. Bricks have been laid on a portion of the eastern wall and the adjoining floor to provide fire-protection for a pot-belly stove. A blackboard and display board are on the northern wall. Displays of varying permanence have been constructed in the room, including a false suspended ceiling, replicating forest shade and a "pioneer room" in the northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The three rooms at the rear of the building consist of two rooms in the verandah area and an additional kitchen on the eastern wall. The western room is entered from the central room and has one VJ wall and the remainder clad in fibrous cement sheeting and a sloped fibrous cement ceiling which continues the line from the classroom. There is a double pair of hopper windows with steel hardware and the floor is covered in cork tiles. A large portion of the room is occupied by temporary walls for a display. The central room has the same ceiling and floor as the western room, and is primarily a corridor. Doors open onto the exit stairs, the two other back rooms and the classroom. There is one fixed window with glazing in four panels. The eastern room is a newer addition with concrete stumps, a separate roof structure, a flat ceiling and a narrow board floor. It is lined with fibro boards, with no cover strips and there is one set of hopper windows on the north and a sink on the eastern wall.</p><br>
<p>The existing front verandah is a more recent structure (1986), built to resemble the original verandah (now enclosed) but with a separate roofline and supported on steel posts. It consists of timber railings and vertical balustrades except on the western end where it is enclosed in weatherboards to replicate the port rack area of the original verandah. The ramp is designed for wheelchair access and continues the structure of the verandah, on steel stumps. The playshed (1954) is a rectangular unlined and timber structure with a concrete floor, constructed to a standard Queensland Works Department plan. It appears to have been built in the position of another structure as there are post holes remaining in the concrete floor. The walls are built of alternating wide and narrow vertical boards, which overlap each other. It appears to be roofed with Super 6 sheeting. The shed contains a restored Queensland Buckboard, which belonged to James Hardy, a Springbrook pioneer, and other equipment.</p><br>
<p>The toilet block is a semi-enclosed structure built from rock and timber with a metal roof, of National Parks vintage. It is divided into two separate rooms, each with a WC and external basin. The carpark is recent, having been built on the site of the school tennis court. The stump is the remains of a New England Mountain Ash (E. andrewsii) and is located about three metres from the main school building. The stump remains, approximately 3.5 m tall, complete with traces of springboard marks. The water trough was added to the tank region after 1953. It is a metal trough with three taps that feed directly off the tank. The tanks consist of two tanks near the school and playshed (both metal, installed 2003) and one above the toilet block, which although older is due for replacement and may already be replaced. These are not considered to be of heritage significance. The boardwalk and lookout were constructed from treated pine in 1986 and are not considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Springbrook State School (QPWS Information Centre) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Springbrook State School, constructed in 1911, is significant as evidence of the late settlement of the difficult to access mountain plateaux of the Gold Coast hinterland. The Springbrook Plateau was settled as late as 1906 and then was only minimally developed and sparsely populated as a farming community. The former Springbrook State School is evidence of this early period, being the first public building erected and the oldest remaining building on the plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Stump is demonstrative of earlier attitudes to vegetation, particularly given the late 20th century re-vegetation program on the site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is an attractive, although somewhat modified, version of typical small, early 20th century school designed by the Queensland Works Department. The 1954 playshed is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, a standard design also supplied by the Queensland Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association with the Springbrook community, having been a social centre as well as the only educational establishment for six decades.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys Boat Shed is a heritage-listed workshop and slipway at Seaworld Drive, Main Beach, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 August 2001, but was removed in June 2015 having been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Humphreys Boat Shed was constructed in 1955 by John Llewellyn Humphreys. It was from this building that Humphreys established his marine workshop and slipway servicing the boating and prawn trawling industries.</p><br>
<p>The area that was later to be called the Gold Coast area known to the Indigenous population as Kurrungul, referring to the large supply of hardwood) was first surveyed in 1840 by Robert Dixon. In 1842 permanent settlement began as loggers, sawyers and millers moved into the area drawn to the forest by the massive stands of mature cedars (Toona australis) which stretched from the Coomera to the Tweed River. While timber was the main industry at the southern end of the Gold Coast, farming developed at the northern end.</p><br>
<p>Surveyor Dixon had hoped that the "boat passage" at the mouth of the Broadwater might serve as an alternative port of entry to Moreton Bay. By 1862, however, Colonial Portmaster, George Poynter Heath considered that the boat passage, as it was known, could not be used as such due to the heavy surf breaking across the entrance when the wind blew on shore. Further, Heath considered that the entrance offered little prospect of ever being of any practical service for navigation purposes.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1825, the British Government had instructed the Governor of New South Wales to ensure that "lands in the neighbourhood of navigable streams or the sea coast", which might serve as quays and landing places be reserved from future sale to private individuals. Consequently, the initial reservation of land at the northern end of Main Beach survived, and was formally proclaimed by the gazettal of a "Reserve for Public Purposes" as of 26 June 1872.</p><br>
<p>Following the breakthrough at Jumpinpin after 1896, a dramatic change occurred at the southern end of the Broadwater. By 1916 a low sand spit was developing northwards from what was the northern extremity of Main Beach. By the time the Spit was becoming a permanent landform, Southport had long been established as a prosperous resort and commercial centre. Main Beach, following the First World War, had become a popular surfing beach.</p><br>
<p>From the inception of Southport as a popular resort for Queenslands wealthier citizens in the early 1870s, the Broadwater had been promoted as "the fishermans rendezvous". It also became a popular with yachtspeople, with the first Southport Regatta being held at Easter 1879. By the 1930s, the area had become a popular mooring spot for an increasing number of private boat owners.</p><br>
<p>By 1946, the Lands Department had received applications by private individuals for leasehold title of land on the Spit, as well as numerous applications for dredging rights for mineral sands. In April 1948 the Land Commissioner reported against the idea of any improvement of the land, believing that there was every chance of further breakthroughs from the ocean to the Broadwater during cyclonic weather. There was however, already some private activity occurring on crown land in the area, with John Humphreys operating several ex-wartime landing barges from moorings in the Basin. The wartime and post-war boom in mineral sands production meant a ready demand for barges carrying dredged sand from South Stradbroke Island to the rutile works in Southport, and Humphreys was one of the first to capitalise on the need for appropriate transport craft.</p><br>
<p>John Llewellyn Humphreys was born on 15 June 1915 at Mount Morgan, the son of a local journalist John Miller Humphreys and Lillian Calloway. The Humphreys family eventually settled in Brisbane where J. L. Humphreys worked for the motor dealers, Annand & Thompson and for the US Airforce at Archerfield Aerodrome during the Second World War. In 1946 Humphreys moved to Southport where he established a marine engineering service for the growing number of boatsmen and women visiting the town.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys was able to obtain the rights to a temporary lease (or at least permission) from the Southport Town Council at the "Boat Basin" to beach his barges and to service private yachts. Humphreys had initially used the area now utilised by the Southport Yacht Club to service craft and moor his barges. The Club however (which had originally been granted the lease of land at Currigee on South Stradbroke Island in 1948), opted for the site, and was granted a lease over the site in December 1952. Humphreys then obtained a temporary lease over an unsurveyed site some two hundred metres to the north, and once assured of the site, he commenced construction of a permanent slipway and boatshed.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys was first registered as an elector in the Southport electorate as of 1 July 1953, described as an engineer, with his address as the "Boat Basin, Southport". Work had commenced on a two storey fibro building by 1955, with the first floor verandah 10 feet above ground level, fronting a wooden landing. The roof was pitched at an angle to allow for the later construction of a larger building and covered slipway. This included his own living quarters, where his wife Mavis came to live after their marriage in 1959.</p><br>
<p>Immediately to the north of the building was a concrete slipway incorporating railway lines. By April 1965, when Humphreys successfully applied for a thirty-year special lease (SL 29252) on the site, he had prepared a concrete and brick foundation for the construction of extensions. The site, surveyed by William Lindley Bennett on 24 July 1964, was given the description of Portion 226 and comprised 36 perches.</p><br>
<p>Over the next eighteen months, Humphreys constructed a duplicate two storey extension, connected to the existing building by a covered slipway. It incorporated an all-weather slipway, full engineering facilities, woodworking loft and Humphreys&#39; residence. The completed building appears in photographs taken of the opening ceremonies of the new Gold Coast Bridge over the Nerang River in December 1966.</p><br>
<p>When it was constructed, Humphreys boat shed was the most northerly building on the Spit, and remained as such until the establishment of Marine Land in the late 1960s. The distinctive two storey building loomed large on the horizon when viewed from the Southport Esplanade. It was also a state-of-the-art slipway and repair shop for some time. Both the yacht club and Humphreys&#39; slipway attracted an ever-increasing number of private boats to the Basin, and eventually influenced the marina developments on the Spit in the 1980s. Humphreys boat shed became something of an institution amongst local and visiting "boaties" and the business gained an enviable reputation for quality service.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys boat shed was one of Broadwater&#39;s few flourishing waterfront industries, reminiscent of the days when smaller boat sheds had operated on the northern bank of the Nerang River downstream from The Southport School. As the Southport trawler fleet developed in the 1950s and 1960s, Humphreys slip played an important role in servicing trawlers. In an area which has undergone immense change since the Second World War, the Southport Yacht Club and Humphreys boat shed and slipway are direct links with the past, surviving as now rare reminders of one of the earliest activities which first brought tourists to the Gold Coast 130 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Mavis Humphreys died on 27 July 1998, and John Humphreys died on 1 March 2001. The Humphreys&#39; lease was surrendered and the land is now in the custodianship of the Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>In January 2005, it was proposed to demolish the boat shed because of concerns it contained dangerous materials including asbestos. It was demolished in May 2005. However, claims persisted that the demolition was to facilitate the redevelopment of the land, given the ongoing proposal to establish a cruise ship terminal in that area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located at the northern end of the Spit, Main Beach, Gold Coast, Humphreys boat shed was a two storeyed timber framed building with a central slipway.</p><br>
<p>The building comprised two rectangular, two-storeyed timber framed sections, on a concrete base, clad with fibrous cement with timber battening, located to the north and south of a two-storey volume space incorporating a concrete slipway with an entrance in the western side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Both the rectangular sections and the slipway were protected by a low-pitched gable roof. In the slipway space, the timber rafters have been pitched steep from the ceiling joists of the original building, creating the larger, open space. Some of the timber framed windows have been replaced with aluminium.</p><br>
<p>A concrete block extension, with a trussed roof, was located at the rear, or eastern side, of the boat shed and was connected by the low pitched roof, to the rest of the structure. Timber walkways were located around the building, and timber balustraded verandahs were located on the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>A flat was located on the upper level of the southern section. It comprised a number of rooms, including bedrooms, bathroom living room and kitchen. The flat retained its original fittings and furniture.</p><br>
<p>Mature vegetation, including Norfolk Island Pines and Pandanus Palms were located on either side of the boat shed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Humphreys Boat Shed & Slipway was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 August 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys Boat Shed, constructed in 1955, is important in illustrating aspects of the commercial and recreational boating and fishing industry in Southport, and is a now rare extant reminder of an early Gold Coast industry in an area which has undergone many changes over the past fifty years. Humphreys Boat Shed and Slipway are significant as a direct link with the past, surviving as reminders of one of the earliest activities which first brought tourists to the Gold Coast 130 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Humphreys Boat Shed has been well maintained and still demonstrates the principal characteristics of a marine workshop: concrete slipway; timber rafters pitched steep from the ceiling joists of the original building in order to create a larger, open space; and its location along the Spit.</p><br>
<p>With its marine setting and the landmark quality of the two-storey structure, Humphreys Boat Shed is important due to its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Numinbah Valley School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at Nerang - Murwillumbah Road, Numinbah Valley, City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Numinbah Valley School of Arts was built in 1925 and is a single story timber building raised on stumps and capped with a corrugated galvanised iron roof. Extensions were carried out in 1937, 1960 and 1981. On entering the Numinbah Valley hamlet it is the first structure on the right side of the Nerang-Murwillumbah Road.</p><br>
<p>The Numinbah Valley strikes north from the McPherson Range and is enclosed to the southeast and the southwest by the plateaux of Springbrook and Beechmont. The Nerang-Murwillumbah road runs along the valley floor adjacent to the banks of the Nerang River. The cliffs, narrow ridges, forested slopes and open farmlands combine to create one of the most scenic rural areas in the Gold Coast Hinterland.</p><br>
<p>Settlement of the area is associated with timber getters moving up from the Tweed and Richmond Rivers in search of the valuable red cedar trees in the 1870s. The Queensland Government opened up the timber reserves in the Numinbah district for selection, subsequently a wave of settlers moved into this area. The timber resources of the area supported the economy of the local farming facilities and supplied timber for a number of local and regional saw mills. Dairies, banana plantations, beef and pig production, played a significant role in the subsequent economic development of the area. The valley was isolated from the sea and it was not until the early 1900s that it was linked to Nerang by a mountainous track of 18 miles. As the population in the valley increased and farming prospered the community called for better roads, mainly due to the dairy farmers needing to transport their goods to Nerang for railing to the Kingston Butter Factory within a short space of time. It was deemed the responsibility of the Numinbah residents to maintain this road - it was often damaged by large timber wagons.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 the Yaun family started moving their sawmill operation to Upper Nerang (the early name for the Numinbah settlement). Initially this pioneering family owned the Pine Mountain Sawmill at Nerang from 1896. The Numinbah sawmill continued to operate and employ local labour until destroyed by fire in 1944.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 Lillian Mary Yaun wrote to the Lands Department about acquiring reserve land for a community hall. After negotiations, the local community agreed to pay for a survey of land adjoining a road and a timber reserve for the School of Arts reserve. On 8 September 1916, 2 roods and 3 perches of thickly timbered land with dense undergrowth, was gazetted a reserve for a School of Arts. For many years the main venue for social and recreational events had been a farmer&#39;s barn or paddock. In 1923 Yaun again wrote to the Lands Department asking if the land could be used for a public hall as a social venue was required.</p><br>
<p>It was the need for a social, recreational and educational facility that galvanised the community in 1925 to raise funds by subscriptions and fund raising events so that they could build a hall. Members of the community donated timber to be processed in the Yaun Bros. sawmill (situated only a few hundred meters from the proposed School of Arts site); all work at the mill was carried out gratis. Cyril Duncan built the Numinbah Valley School of Arts hall for approximately £100 and this included the roofing iron and nails.</p><br>
<p>The first "Mechanic&#39;s Institutes" or "Schools of Arts" were established in Britain in the early 1800s and were intended to assist self-improvement and to promote moral, social and intellectual growth, by providing lectures, discussions and lending libraries to a rising middle class. At the time there were no public libraries and books were expensive, so that access to books by borrowing as subscribers provided an important educational and recreational service. The first institute in Australia was formed in Hobart in 1827, followed by Sydney in 1833, from which date the movement rapidly spread throughout the rest of the colony.</p><br>
<p>The first School of Arts committee in Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1849 with the aim of "the advancement of the community in literary, philosophic and scientific subjects". As towns and districts became established, local committees were formed to establish Schools of Arts and they became one of the principal sources of adult education. From this beginning, approximately 350 Schools of Arts were established throughout the state during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>A typical School of Arts building was of timber construction including a hall and two or three rooms used for library and meeting purposes. Larger provincial centres buildings were of masonry construction. Although varied in scale, form and materials they were readily identifiable in the streetscape and often incorporated impressive facades which spoke of the cultural ambitions of those who built them.</p><br>
<p>When the Numinbah Valley School of Arts opened in September 1925, it was free of debt. The new single-story, weatherboard clad School of Arts was 50 by 25 feet, capped with corrugated iron gable roof over the core and a lower gable over the entrance porch. At the rear there was a ten-foot stage with a room either side. The flooring, which was donated crow&#39;s ash flooring, was dressed by local labour and excellent for dancing. Seating was around the walls, which were 12 feet high. The roof was well braced and the hall included a side entrance.</p><br>
<p>The first letter requesting a school for Numinbah Valley was dated 10 July 1926, and the parents asked if the Numinbah Valley School of Arts could be used as a Provisional school. From the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries the Queensland Government began to focus on the importance of education for children between the ages of six and twelve. The education system was poorly funded in this period. As a consequence many smaller communities, such as Numinbah Valley, were responsible for the establishment and funding of their own schools. The following year on 7 February the Provisional Numinbah School opened in the School of Arts building. There were 16 pupils; 13 boys and 3 girls. The Queensland Government recognised this school as a Provisional School. Limited Government assistance was given, such as salary assistance for a teacher and the supply of state approved books. The community had to provide the school building as well as accommodation for the teacher. The school continued to use this building until a purpose built State School opened in its own Education Department building on 8 October 1934.</p><br>
<p>By 1937 roads had improved and banana plantations had been established. With increased development it was deemed necessary to enlarge the School of Arts. This included a 25-foot extension added to the rear to provide a much larger area for dancing and seating for concerts and other purposes. Also the front entrance was altered to provide male and female changing/ cloak rooms on either side of the entrance.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1960s the hall was further enlarged with the construction of a side veranda on the southern elevation, to allow for more seating and a supper area. The community, especially the local QCWA (Queensland Country Womens Association), helped raise the necessary funds. With the introduction of electricity to the valley in 1961 kerosene lanterns were replaced with fluorescent and other lights and power points were fitted. The kitchen was installed in 1962. Also in the 1960s the front entrance was again modified with the left-hand side room converted to a ticket office with a mothers room on the other side.</p><br>
<p>In September, 1975, locals and others celebrated the School of Art&#39;s 50th Birthday. An article "Hub of Valley has a birthday Party" in the Courier Mail of 21 September 1975, mentioned the gable of green painted hall as having very elegant fretwork infill. Also the article commented that the hall was used for wedding receptions, gift evenings, dances and socials, and church services.</p><br>
<p>A corrugated iron roofed open annexe was added along the end of the northern wall in 1981, and has been extended since. During 1983 prison labour from the Numinbah Valley State Farm was used to build a bar in the supper room, and the following year they repainted the hall. One prisoner painted Australian theme murals on three walls of the bar area.</p><br>
<p>A post and two-rail fence encloses much of a large semi open space on the northern side of the hall. This area stretches from the Nerang River to the main road and has been used for school and local sports days, picnic area and other recreational activities.</p><br>
<p>The Numinbah Valley School of Arts is a well loved community building and has been since it was built. It is a fine example of a community built building that is still being used for the very same purposes it was originally meant for - recreation, socialising and education.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Numinbah School of Arts is an elevated, single-storey timber building with a corrugated galvanised iron, double gabled roof. It faces the main road that links Nerang to Murwillumbah.</p><br>
<p>The core of the building is rectangular in plan with a small entrance veranda under the second and lower gable. An enclosed veranda with a hipped roof is attached on the left or southern elevation and there is an open-air annexe on the northern side. The main entrance to the building is via the entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>There are two sets of steps to the supper room on the southern elevation separated by pairs of sash windows which do not have sunhoods.</p><br>
<p>Both gables have a flying gable with bargeboards featuring fretwork decoration. The superior gable has a lattice infill on either side of the central open entrance which is flanked by windows with skillion sunhoods. Above the entrance is a large board proclaiming that the hall is the Numinbah Valley School of Arts. The lined entrance porch contains a ticket office on the left and another room on the right. There is a notice board inside this foyer and one outside under a window and another outside the supper room. There is a doorway to this supper room but no steps.</p><br>
<p>There are two doors into the hall on the northern elevation, but only the door near the front has steps. This side also features two pairs of sash windows with skillion sunhoods on either side of the door. From near this entrance to the rear of the building is an open-air annex. The sub-floor at the end of the building has been closed in. A large plastic tank and another concrete one at the back is used as the hall&#39;s water source.</p><br>
<p>On the southern elevation, a post and two-rail timber fence stretches from the rear of the hall to the brick and concrete public toilets and then across to the boundary of the adjoining property. On the northern side of the hall the fence separates the open rural park-like area from the road. Near the hall is a fairly level open stretch of ground with some simple plank seating near the river. Beyond this flattish area is undulating lightly timbered land. Near the road is a billabong.</p><br>
<p>The toilet block is not significant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Numinbah Valley School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Numinbah Valley School of Arts, built in 1925, is one of many School of Arts constructed throughout Queensland. By the 1900s, almost every town in Queensland had a School of Arts and they were often seen as indicators of the prosperity or status of the town. As such, they demonstrate the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is representative of an intact, community built School of Arts. It has strong associations with the Numinbah Valley and surrounding area as a recreational and social facility since 1925. It has been used as the venue for diverse activities ranging from state education, dancing classes, church services, cinema, exercise classes, table tennis, school sports and P and C fund raisers. It has also been home for many organisations and clubs including the local QCWA (Queensland Country Womens Association) and the Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade. The Numinbah Valley School of Arts is important for its connection with the valleys community and as an integral part of the social and community life of the locality.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Numinbah Valley School of Arts is representative of a community hall built for the school of arts movement in Queensland. Its fabric is largely intact.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic significance due to the simplicity of the design, symmetry of the front entrance with fretwork bargeboards, as well as the adjacent rural park-like area. As well proportioned and detailed timber buildings built in a traditional style, the Numinbah Valley School of Arts makes a substantial contribution to the built character of Numinbah Valley. The building is significant as part of the rural landscape that has a scattered population. The building has a landmark position with the small community as it is a large structure and is positioned on the main road through Numinbah Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Lars J. Fiksdal House is a historic house at 619 West 1st Street in Webster, South Dakota. It is an architecturally eclectic 2-1/2 story structure, faced in brick, which was built in several stages. The oldest portion of the house was built in 1881, and reached its present appearance by 1899. It exhibits elements of a wide variety of architectural style, with asymmetrical and irregular Queen Anne massing, a Colonial Revival wraparound porch, and Gothic Revival arched windows in some of its gable ends. The main roof cornice features heavy Italianate brackets. Many of the later alterations the house were made by Lars Fiksdal, a Norwegian immigrant. The house was converted into apartments in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>West Burleigh Store is a heritage-listed general store at 33 Tallebudgera Creek Road, Burleigh Heads, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1935 to 1935. It is also known as Flectcher&#39;s Store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The West Burleigh Store, constructed in 1935 during a property boom on the south coast stimulated by infrastructure development, is a substantial, timber two-storey shop house situated in a commercial precinct close to Tallebudgera Creek about 2.8 km southwest of Burleigh Heads. Many of the original features of the store remain intact and it continues to be used as a retail outlet.</p><br>
<p>Timber getting, agriculture and tourism stimulated the development of the Gold Coast region. Timber getters were among the earliest European inhabitants of the south coast and as late as the 1930s, Dennis and Woods sawmills were the stimulus for much of the development of West Burleigh. Closer settlement began in the 1860s, initially in the form of cotton plantations. The Crown Lands Alienation Act (1868) gave further impetus to small scale agriculture and by 1869, farmers and their households, numbering in the hundreds, populated the Mudgeeraba and Tallebudgera districts. With the decline of the cotton industry after the 1860s, these farmers diversified into other crops and dairying. In the decades between the World Wars, bananas and dairying were the major farming industries in the area.</p><br>
<p>Campers and picnickers were attracted to the area as early as the 1870s by the natural beauty of the south coast beaches. Burleigh Heads was described in the Southern Queensland Bulletin in 1889 (2 March) as "a pretty place, a nice place for a gentlemans residence and a small seaside resort". Development of the coast as a destination for pleasure seekers was inhibited by poor access and inadequate infrastructure. This began to be remedied in 1889 with the opening of the railway to Southport and Nerang. Construction of an extension to Tweed Heads commenced in March 1901. A railway station was built at Booningba (renamed West Burleigh in 1914) about half an hours buggy ride from Burleigh Heads. The Oyster Bed Hotel (1901) was built close to the station to service the wants and needs of the railway workers. The town&#39;s first store (still extant) located next to the hotel is believed to have been built in 1904 by Samuel Andrews. By 1907 the storekeeper, James Herbert, was delivering supplies to campers at Burleigh Heads.</p><br>
<p>With the greater ownership of motorcars in the 1920s, road access became a key factor facilitating growth. The opening of the Jubilee Bridge (1925) and the coastal road and its extension south in 1926 promoted residential and holiday development along the coast especially at Burleigh Heads. In the 1930s, the construction of bridges over the Coomera River (1930) and Logan (1932) Rivers improved car access to the coast from Brisbane and a building and property boom ensued. Development was further stimulated by the provision of basic infrastructure: electricity was connected to Burleigh Heads in 1930 and extended to West Burleigh in 1934, a reticulated water supply was provided the following year.</p><br>
<p>The West Burleigh Store and Post Office was completed in February 1935 during the boom period that followed these developments. Alf Fletcher had bought the towns existing general store business from J. Cuddihy in 1928. When the lease on the premises expired, Fletcher was required to move and the premises were taken over by another storekeeper. Fletcher built the new shop, West Burleighs second general store, about 400m from the railway station. It was described in the South Coast Bulletin (15 February 1935) as a "large and up to date store" that, with its "modern conveniences", would be a "prominent link in the progress of the area". For its time, the store was a modern example of its type.</p><br>
<p>Fletchers new shop incorporated many features that were typical of general stores of the period. General stores were often large due to their profitableness and the increasingly diverse range of goods becoming available to consumers. The bi-coloured timber floor in the store was unusual and this, together with the conservative good quality of the building, reflected the prosperity of Fletchers business and his expectation of commercial success. The large plate glass windows with a recessed entrance designed to maximize display space were a typical feature of interwar shops. The wooden box shelving (still extant) lining an inside wall was the recommended method for storing and displaying the increasing variety of packaged goods that were becoming available from the 1920s. These shelves are currently being used to display goods for sale. Counters (no longer extant) surrounded three walls and a large "U" shaped display area was located centrally between the counters. Petrol bowsers (no longer extant) were located under the verandah on the footpath. Many shops in the first half of the twentieth century also had on location the shop operators residence; Fletchers residence was located above the shop. Fletcher lived there with his parents and after they died, with his wife, Gussy, who he had employed in the shop.</p><br>
<p>Fletcher operated the shop until his death in 1963 and the store continued to be operated by his widowed wife until the early 1970s. It stocked a wide range of goods including foodstuffs, haberdashery, manchester, clothes, boots, hardware, and building material. A large shed at the rear (extant until the 1980s or early 1990s) held livestock feed. The West Burleigh post office and telephone exchange was also conducted from the store. The post office was a smaller building attached to the northern side of the shop. It is believed that it was removed when the shopping and office complex was built around the shop in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Alf Fletcher was a very well known local identity and his store was a focal point of West Burleighs social and commercial life. Fletchers customers were mainly the residents of Burleigh Heads and the farmlands of Tallebudgera, Nerang, Mudgeeraba, and Ingleside. The mailman or the cream and milk trucks that visited the surrounding dairies collected written orders and delivered boxes of goods on their return journeys. On Friday nights, local farm workers cashed their paychecks at Fletchers so they had cash to use at the local hotel. A former pupil of Ingleside State School recalls that Fletcher provided a bag of sweets for each child at the annual school break-up picnics.</p><br>
<p>The West Burleigh store continued to be operated as a general store until the 1980s when the shopping complex around the store was developed. The ground floor of the shop was divided into two, one side operating as a real estate agent&#39;s office and the other as a saddlery. The second floor continued to be used as a residence until 2001. The residence was recently converted to office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The West Burleigh Store is a two-storey structure located in a retail shopping area in West Burleigh. The entrance to the building opens onto the footpath, the same being shaded by an overhanging enclosed verandah. It is about 10m wide and extends back from the footpath about 18m. The verandah is enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and the rest of the building is clad in weatherboard. A row of timber framed sliding windows runs the full length of the verandah. Each of these comprises a single, large square light bordered with frosted glass. Four square posts support the verandah. The corrugated iron roof is hipped at the rear and gabled at the front. A separate hipped roof covers the verandah.</p><br>
<p>At the ground level, large plate glass display windows dominate the front of the store. The entrance to the shop is recessed and the plate glass windows continue around the sides of the entrance alcove. A decorative lead-light border made up of red, green and obscure glass runs the full length of the top of the windows. The rest of the shop front is clad with salmon and black ceramic tiles.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor accommodates a real estate agent&#39;s office and a health food shop. The polished timber floor of the shop comprises dark timber planks alternated with light coloured timber. A set of timber box shelves extends the full length of the shop to the ceiling along the southern side. A recently installed counter runs along the opposite side. Commercial refrigerators are positioned along the rear of the shop. The ceiling is made up of fibrous cement sheeting with painted or stained timber battens laid out in a decorative pattern.</p><br>
<p>Access to the upper storey is gained via a polished timber staircase. This part of the building accommodates offices. The floors of the upper storey are polished timber. Paneled internal doors or lighted French doors are used throughout with frosted glass or slatted wooden transoms. The original brass door and window furniture have been retained in most cases. The joinery is conservative in style and of good quality.</p><br>
<p>The store is the most prominent structure in a complex of shops and offices dispersed around the large allotment. The commercial precinct surrounding this complex contains a number of historic buildings including West Burleigh&#39;s first general store located to the south of the existing West Burleigh store.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>West Burleigh Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The West Burleigh Store provides physical evidence of an important stage in the development of the Gold Coast, one of the States major tourist destinations. In the early 1930s, improved car access to the coast from Brisbane together with infrastructure development led to a building and property boom on the south coast. The store was completed in 1935 during this period. The erection of a substantial building with a good quality finish at a time when the nation was emerging from economic depression is indicative of the prosperity of the area at this time and storekeepers expectations of future prosperity. As a substantially intact 1930s general store offering full service and a very wide range of goods and as a shop house, it is also important in demonstrating the evolution of retailing in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The store is uncommon insofar that intact buildings from this period are becoming increasingly uncommon in the Gold Coast region. It also demonstrates a way of life that has become uncommon, namely the practice where storekeepers combined their shop and place of residence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The store demonstrates many key aspects of 1930s general stores and shop houses. Considered to be a modern store for its era, many of its original fittings survive. The large display windows, recessed front entrance and the box shelves lining an internal wall are all features that were typical of general stores in the interwar period. The residence over the shop continued a long tradition in which a shopkeeper&#39;s home was combined with their place of work. This residence is also substantially intact.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The store has special association with many former and existing residents of the Gold Coast and for the tourists who visited the area during the decades that it operated as a general store. Built and originally operated by Alf Fletcher until his death in 1963, it continued in family ownership until the early 1970s. It was a focal point of West Burleigh township. Its customers included tourists and the residents of West Burleigh, Burleigh Heads, Tallebudgera, Nerang, Mudgeeraba, and Ingleside. Fletcher and his general store were very well known in the district.</p><br>
<p>Tallebudgera Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 17 Trees Road, Tallebudgera, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office was officially opened in 1878 and was in operation until March 1958. It was a privately owned and built building. Tallebudgera was located along the main stock route between Queensland and New South Wales and was a stopover point for the Cobb and Co. Coaches. In 2002 the deteriorating property was purchased and restored by the Gold Coast City Council (GCCC). The GCCC now maintains the site as a museum piece for educational and historical purposes.</p><br>
<p>Settlement of the Gold Coast area by Europeans began in the hinterland with the harvesting of cedar timber which was shipped south to Sydney or north to Brisbane. Timber getters began moving through the heavily forested Tallebudgera area in the mid 1840s opening the way for the early settlers who came when land runs began to be granted from the 1850s. By the early 1870s, the Tallebudgera area was permanently settled. The population mainly consisted of timber getters and small crop farmers with dairy farming becoming important in the area from the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Tallebudgera&#39;s location along the main stock route between Queensland and New South Wales, which became the early coach road between Nerang and the border, led to it becoming a convenient stop and changeover point for Cobb and Co. coaches. To serve the coach road traffic, and the wider farming community, a small village began to develop near the intersection of the Old Coach Road and Trees Road. During the 1870s a number of businesses and services began to appear including an accommodation house for travellers, the Rose and Crown Hotel, a general store, blacksmith, wheelwright, stables and school. Expansion continued in the 1880s with the establishment of a police station, a Presbyterian church, Catholic church and further construction and trade.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of a post office was an important element in the development of rural communities, providing both access to a communication network and a focal point where the community could share information. They became an integral part of the social system, providing a link to friends and family who were often many years distant. They also provided a link to the authorities of the colonies, becoming the principal symbol of civil governance in the most isolated areas. Particularly where communities were in remote rural or outback areas, the post office became a symbol of the presence of civilisation. Post offices were nearly always the first government service of facility established in towns, and often the first government building.</p><br>
<p>The post office was one of the main agencies of the government in the nineteenth century and nearly always also included a telegraph office in the same building. The buildings constructed for post and telegraph office use were, as a result, usually sited in prominent locations, and were among the more important government buildings in the town. In small towns, or when a town was first established, existing businesses often agreed to provide post office facilities and then, when the town grew, the government replaced these facilities with purpose built post offices. Privately owned and built post offices were unusual in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The site of the post office was part of an area of land acquired by Stephen Tobin through a Deed of Grant in 1870. In 1872 a mail receiving service office was opened and in 1878 the Tallebudgera Post Office officially opened with Stephen Tobin listed as the first Post Master.</p><br>
<p>Although the post office provided an official government service, there is no documentary evidence to suggest the Tallebudgera building was ever owned by the government. The size of the post office, consisting of just one room, suggests that it was privately owned and built as even the smallest post offices built by the colonial government in the late nineteenth century period had floor areas larger than one room and often combined office space with living areas. That this building was never replaced by a more permanent, government building suggests, that in the eyes of the government, Tallebudgera was not deemed to be large enough to warrant a government facility.</p><br>
<p>With Federation in 1901, postal and telegraph services became a Commonwealth responsibility. All administrative functions of the Tallebudgera Post Office were transferred to the Commonwealth, but the building remained privately owned. The post office provided a number of services including a trunk line and telephone exchange, postal services, cash-on-delivery parcels, money order and savings bank services, payment of old age and war service pensions and telegraph by telephone. However, in the years after the Second World War the range of facilities gradually declined and by the post office&#39;s permanent closure in 1958, only basic postal services were being provided.</p><br>
<p>The ever growing landscape of the Gold Coast has left little evidence of its somewhat humble beginnings. Most early buildings have been demolished or relocated to other sites as development spreads throughout the area. The former Tallebudgera Post Office, as one of the Gold Coasts earliest, surviving buildings, vividly demonstrates the areas history and development.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office is located at 17 Trees Road, Tallebudgera.</p><br>
<p>The original building is a small, single roomed structure with a verandah at the front. It is constructed from timber in the style known as "board and batten". The building is elevated off the ground on timber stumps with the front of the building being approximately 0.5 metres above the ground and the rear of the building being approximately 1.5 metres above the ground. The roof is corrugated iron. Inside the building there are timber shelves attached to the rear and right walls. The inside of the roof was originally lined with wood panels and a small portion of this remains.</p><br>
<p>A "lean to" extension at the rear of the building has been added at a later, unknown date. The extension has been built from sheets of corrugated iron. It sits on the ground with the bare earth as the floor.</p><br>
<p>The original building (excluding the extension) measures approximately 5.10 metres in width by 6.0 metres in length, inclusive of the verandah which is 2.30 metres. The extension adds another 4.0 metres to the length of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building contains mostly original materials. Any new timber used in the restoration process has been date stamped and where possible other new materials, such as rose-headed nails, duplicate those of the original building.</p><br>
<p>A mature camphor laurel tree (Cinnamomum camphora) is located on the left side of the building with its branches spreading over the roof of the building. An early photograph of the building from 1917 also shows the camphor laurel tree.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tallebudgera Post Office (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1878, the former Tallebudgera Post Office, is one of the earliest surviving buildings on the Gold Coast and is important in demonstrating the evolution of postal services in Queensland, the early history and development of the Tallebudgera area and the small rural towns that comprised the hinterland area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office is a rare example of a privately owned and purpose built post office. Few other post offices like this are known to survive in Queensland. Its construction history, ownership, and uncommon building form are all significant. With a single room and verandah, the former post office has value as an unusual building form of the late nineteenth century. It is also one of the oldest and one of the few remaining timber post office buildings in Queensland erected -.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office is an important example of late nineteenth century building techniques. The building contains evidence of early construction methods and finishes and is interesting as a transitional example in the manner in which it is elevated high above the ground at a time when most buildings were set upon the ground or only just above. It is constructed of timber in an early "board and batten" system, predating the later light timber construction that became known as the Queenslander style. Although the structure has been restored, most of the original building is still standing. It is one of few remaining timber structures from the late nineteenth century left in the Gold Coast area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office has important aesthetic significance. It is an intact structure which is an evocative reminder of late nineteenth century village life in the Gold Coast hinterland. The setting of the building with the adjacent mature camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) tree enhances the rural nature of the building and the entire site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Tallebudgera Post Office has a strong association with the general community of Tallebudgera for the crucial role it played in the provision of essential postal and telecommunication services.</p><br>
<p>The H2 Hinde Tree  is a heritage-listed tree at Colliston, 926 Gilston Road, Gilston, City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The H2 Hinde tree is located on Colliston, a former farm in the Gold Coast hinterland about nine kilometres south-west of Nerang in the Gilston district. It is the parent of a variety (see note below) of the species Macadamia integrifolia and was probably planted in the 1920s. It was registered by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1960 as a scion wood (see note below) and in the two decades after that time, a significant number of commercial orchards in the State propagated trees using material from this tagged parent tree, it being one of only two Australian-developed varieties to have then achieved such a status. The macadamia nut industry is the largest based on an indigenous Australian food crop and since the mid-1990s this country has become the world&#39;s largest exporter of the nuts.</p><br>
<p>Note. The horticultural use of the term "variety" refers to selected clones usually propagated by grafting. A parent tree is a genetically unique plant that is selected for specific traits, in the case of macadamias these include: strong tree growth, low incidence of pests and diseases, low incidence of stick-tights and premature germination of nuts, reduced years to bearing, high kernel quality and desirable market requirements.</p><br>
<p>Note. The term "scion wood" refers to the part of a tree that is grafted onto the roots or stem of another, known as the rootstock. This grafted branch or bud transmits the flowering or fruiting characteristics of the variety from which it is taken. With macadamia trees grafting is the only method, reliable and speedy enough by commercial standards, of growing a plant that will exhibit the sought after nut bearing characteristics, as they do not always grow true-to-type when propagated from seeds or seedlings.</p><br>
<p>Colliston was selected by Michael James Hinde in 1879 when land along the upper reaches of the Nerang River was being opened to closer settlement. In 1882 he married Alice Batten, the daughter of a Crown Land Ranger living at Pimpama. According to family lore, it was while he was walking to visit her before they married that he came across some native macadamia nut seedlings, uprooted them and re-planted them on Colliston. Otherwise he practiced small-scale farming and eked out a difficult living for himself and what was to become a large family of eight children, his enterprise emulating the nature of many other farms in the Albert Shire. He was resourceful in his efforts to cultivate new crops and test their worthiness as saleable products. Some of his crop choices reflected those made by many other farmers in the area, including maize and arrowroot in the early years, and turning to oranges in the early twentieth century. Like many others he established a small dairy. In lean times he harvested fruits growing wild on his property, such as raspberries, gooseberries and tomatoes, and caught fish in the river and fowl in the scrub. He planted a vineyard, and practiced apiary. Following his death in 1937 Colliston passed to his eldest son, who engaged a niece and her husband, William Hill, to manage the farm.</p><br>
<p>Also according to family lore, when his orange trees began to decline (probably in the 1920s), Michael Hinde started to cultivate macadamia trees between them, using material from the native trees he had planted in the early 1880s. A member of the Proteaceae family, series Folliculares and tribe Grevillea, which includes hakea and banksia, the genus Macadamia is divided into tropical and subtropical species. The three main varieties of subtropical macadamia - Macadamia tetraphylla, Macadamia integrifolia, and Macadamia ternifolia - are indigenous to the coastal rainforests of south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Of these only the first two bear edible nuts.</p><br>
<p>There is some dispute as to which explorer, Allan Cunningham or Ludwig Leichhardt, was the first to encounter macadamia trees in the wild; however none disagree that it was rediscovered in 1857 in the form of a single tree without fruit by Dr Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal Botanist at Melbourne, and Walter Hill, Superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, in forest growing along the Pine River. After Mueller returned south, Hill continued to collect samples from the wild, and it was only by accident that he discovered that one species in his collection produced edible, flavoursome nuts. In 1858 Mueller named the new genus in honour of John Macadam, MD, then Secretary of the Philosophic Institute of Victoria to which he presented its discovery; and in the same year Hill planted the first cultivated macadamia at his Botanical Gardens. Hill actively promoted the species throughout Queensland and the world, distributing material wherever he could. However, the proper distinction between the two species that bear edible nuts - M. tetraphylla and M. integrifolia - was not scientifically established until 1954.</p><br>
<p>According to historical research conducted by Ian McConachie (see note below), following the 1857 "discovery", early settlers were discussing and cultivating macadamias for the quality of the nuts, despite the fact that their scrub-felling practices were destroying many native tree stands. From this time, botanical interest, as well as the delicacy of flavour and texture of the nut, meant seedlings and nuts were rapidly being removed from their native habitats, often to other parts of the world. For example, material was taken from the Mount Bauple area to Hawaii in the 1880s, and specimen trees were being grown at the University of California by the late 1870s and in France by 1890. Along with private individuals and enthusiasts, the New South Wales and Queensland governments distributed macadamia seed widely.</p><br>
<p>Note. Ian McConachie was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2006 for his contributions to the macadamia industry as a grower and exporter. He has also had a long involvement with the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd, particularly with its Technical Advisory Committee and has been instrumental in furthering knowledge of the genus and establishing the Macadamia Conservation Trust, which aims to protect remaining native trees.</p><br>
<p>Macadamia trees, or their nuts, had many different names during this period: in New South Wales they were called Bush Nuts or Mullimbimby Nuts; further north they were called Queensland Nuts or Bauple Nuts (or Bopple and Popple); and in all areas they were known as Australia Nut, Poplar and Nut Oak. Aboriginal groups in each of the localities where the nuts were found wild had named them: boombera was common in New South Wales, the Pine River groups called them burrawang; and in most of Queensland they were called kendel or kindal kindal.</p><br>
<p>The first Australian commercial macadamia orchards were established in New South Wales from the late 1870s. It was not until 1910 that the first small orchard was planted in Queensland near Coolum. Others in the North Coast hinterland followed. During the first twenty years of the twentieth century both State Departments of Agriculture were actively acquiring knowledge about the crop and assessing its commercial potential, however the issue of cracking the generally thick shells enclosing the edible kernels thwarted development of the industry.</p><br>
<p>A fledgling cottage macadamia industry emerged in Queensland during the 1920s and 1930s; as a June 1923 article from the Queensland Agricultural Journal suggests: "a considerable acreage has recently been placed under nuts in the State". Around this time a small orchard of approximately 30 macadamia trees, including the tree under discussion here, was established at Colliston, although some experimental plantings may have occurred earlier. The general public was greatly interested in the nuts, evidenced by a 1930s estimation of the large number of trees being grown in backyards; 20,000 in Brisbane and 30,000 between Grafton and Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>From 1931 the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock began to promote macadamia tree cultivation as an adjunct to other farming activities. By November 1933 south-east Queensland growers were having success planting macadamia trees between banana plants, in anticipation that the macadamias would become commercially viable when the bananas began to decline. Reflecting this surge in the industry, the Australian Nut Association was established in 1932 to foster the wider growing of macadamia nuts, although it failed after ten years. Notably for the H2 Hinde macadamia trees growing on Colliston, in 1939 William Hill, then manager of Colliston, and Michael Hindes brother George, provided assistance with a Queensland Agricultural Journal article identifying where the trees grew wild in the Gilston district and discussing their potential for commercial growing. This was to begin a long association between the managers of Colliston and the author of the article, John McGregor Wills, the States Senior Advisor in Horticulture who became a great supporter of the commercial potential of the nut.</p><br>
<p>After World War II the commercial cropping of macadamia trees in Queensland was given renewed attention by its Department of Agriculture and Stock through the methodical survey, selection and experimental propagation of scion and stock material. In 1948 Colliston was visited again by JM Wills to assess the trees growing there. He tagged the trees and took away a range of material, which was investigated in trials, some of which were conducted at the Maroochy Horticultural Experiment Station outside Nambour from the 1950s and into the 1970s. The macadamia varieties Wills identified at Colliston were among other scion woods discussed in an Advisory Leaflet (No. 614) issued by the Division of Plant Industry and published in the Queensland Agricultural Journal in July 1961. The three types of trees that were growing on the property were assigned cultivar names and registered in 1960 as scion wood with the Department of Agriculture and Stock, as follows: H1 Colliston, H2 Hinde and H3 Stevenson. H1 and H3 were of the Macadamia tetraphylla rough-shelled variety, H1 being thin-shelled and H3 hard. H2 Hinde was of the Macadamia integrifolia variety, the shells of which are smooth and of medium thickness. One of its chief distinguishing features is a small indentation in the shell casing.</p><br>
<p>The H2 Hinde tree is the sole surviving of the three macadamia trees on Colliston that were tagged in 1948 by John McGregor Wills, and finally registered as scion wood and assigned cultivar names in 1960. Of the three originally tagged trees, only the H2 variety was used for commercial purposes. The H2 Hinde tree on Colliston is the parent from which all other clones of this variety have been propagated.</p><br>
<p>Concerted efforts had been made to develop a viable macadamia nut industry in Hawaii, and it was these successes that spurred developments in the Australian industry. During the 1950s and early 1960s visits to Australia were made by a number of leading US macadamia scientists through the auspices of the California Macadamia Society and Colliston&#39;s H-series trees were visited and sampled for testing in Hawaii. Australia did not develop a reliable grafting method until 1958.</p><br>
<p>During the initial surveys and trials of the 1940s and 1950s, when both Queensland and News South Wales government agriculture departments were visiting Colliston, the H2 Hinde proved itself to be a heavy-bearing Australian variety. When commercial interests began to invest in the industry during the early 1960s, led by the Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd (later CSR Ltd), the H2 Hinde, only one other Australian cultivar, and a number of Hawaiian cultivars were deemed most suitable for commercial cultivation; the H2 being most appropriate for locations with a temperate climate. From the 1960s and into the 1980s the H2 Hinde as an Australian variety was widely cultivated in the countrys commercial macadamia orchards, most notably in New South Wales, and to a lesser extent in Queensland where CSR and its preferences for Hawaiian cultivars predominated. This situation did not change until it was determined that the Hawaiian cultivars did not yield as highly in Australia and further research had to be done to develop more home-grown varieties. This work was led by the Australian Macadamia Society, which was formed out of Queensland in 1974, under the auspices of its Technical Advisory Committee (established in 1980), and the monies it levied from members. A survey of Australian growers revealed that the H2 Hinde was still considered a major variety in 1983. And when varietal performance trials were being conducted a decade later, the H2 Hinde was deemed an industry standard. Currently the two States equally share Australias world-dominating macadamia export market, but large plantings in Queensland will ensure it becomes the major future producer.</p><br>
<p>When the commercial orchard trees of the H2 Hinde variety had reached the end of their economic or bearing lives (as distinct from their natural life spans) in the 1980s, they were replaced with trees grown from other scion woods that had been extensively trialled and found to possess a number of desirable characteristics, most notably imperviousness to certain fungal infections. However over the past twenty years the H2 Hinde has been the dominant variety kept by nurseries, with probably 90% of all grafted trees for commercial purposes using it as rootstock. It was its vulnerability to fungal disease that destroyed the small orchard of which the remaining, tagged H2 Hinde tree had been part. Of the two other macadamia cultivars grown on Colliston and registered with the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1960, only the H1 Colliston survives.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A single H2 Hinde tree survives from the small macadamia orchard originally planted on Colliston sometime in the 1920s (another H2 tree on the site was planted after grafting trials conducted in the 1950s). What remains of the farm is an almost 11.5 hectare parcel of land situated between the Nerang River and Gilston Road, within 500 metres of the Hinze Dam wall and Advancetown Lake in the Gold Coast hinterland. The town centre of Nerang is approximately nine kilometres to the north-east.</p><br>
<p>The H2 Hinde (Macadamia integrifolia) tree is situated in a corridor of trees running north to south that divides the block in two in this area. It is approximately eight metres tall and has a metal tag painted with orange over one of its main branches, apparently put there by JM Wills during his survey work for the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in 1948 and identifying it as a parent tree. The H1 and H3 macadamia trees were located between five and ten metres to the south. None of the H3 Stevenson trees survive. The remaining H1 Colliston is located about two metres to the east of the outhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The H2 HINDE TREE (Macadamia integrifolia) on Colliston was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The H2 Hinde tree (Macadamia integrifolia), which survives on Colliston is significant to the commercial development of the Australian macadamia nut industry, particularly its establishment phase from the 1960s to the 1980s. Only two Australian-grown varieties of macadamia received official endorsement and gained popularity with commercial orchards throughout this State, as well as New South Wales, following extensive experimentation on a range of scion and stock material conducted by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s. The H2 Hinde at Colliston is the parent tree of one of these two varieties. Since World War II, due to determined efforts on the part of government and commercial groups, the macadamia nut industry has become Australia&#39;s largest bush foods industry and dominates the world macadamia export market. The H2 Hinde tree cultivated at Colliston has played a key role in this success, first as scion wood, and in the last twenty years, as the parent of most rootstock used to propagate the large majority of commercial orchard macadamia trees in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Sandgate Baptist Church is a heritage-listed former church at 6-8 Flinders Parade, Sandgate, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1887 by William Street. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Sandgate Baptist Church is the second Baptist church in Sandgate and opened on Christmas Day 1887.</p><br>
<p>Baptists first arrived in Queensland in 1851 and were established in Brisbane by 1855. A church was constructed for them in Wharf Street, Brisbane in early 1859, soon after the arrival of Reverend B G Wilson. From this church, preaching stations were begun which developed into suburban churches. From 1868 open-air Baptist services were being held at Sandgate on the shore in the vicinity of the 1887 church.</p><br>
<p>In September 1852, James Charles Burnett made the first survey of the Sandgate area and the first sales of land were held in 1853. By 1858 there were 25 people living there and a hotel and shops had been established. In the 1860s, as access to the area improved, Sandgate developed as a seaside town on the English model providing salubrious sea air and a refuge from the oppressive heat of a Brisbane summer. Early Governors of Queensland and other prominent citizens spent holidays at Sandgate and there were guesthouses and houses available for rent from an early date.</p><br>
<p>By 1871 Sandgate had a population of 155 and in 1872 the first Baptist chapel, a small building in Loudon Street, was built. Within two years the settlement had a school and was linked by coach to Brisbane three times a week. By 1877 coaches travelled between Sandgate and Brisbane twice a day. In 1880 Sandgate was declared the Borough of Sandgate (and in 1903 it became the Town of Sandgate) and in 1882 was connected to Brisbane by the Sandgate railway line. This dramatically reduced travel time to less than half an hour and boosted Sandgate&#39;s popularity as a place of residence and for holidaymakers and day-trippers.</p><br>
<p>By 1886 the population of Sandgate had risen to 1598 and the congregation of the Baptist chapel had increased to a point where it had outgrown the chapel in Loudon Street. A church member, George Phillips, donated a triangular piece of land consisting of 27 perches near the sea front at the corner of Flinders Parade and Cliff Street. It was agreed early in 1887 to form a Baptist church separate from the Wharf Street church in Brisbane and the new building was constructed to the design of prominent Brisbane architect, Richard Gailey.</p><br>
<p>Gailey was trained as an architect in Derry, Ireland, and settled in Brisbane in 1864. He established his own practice in 1865, and over the next 60 years built up a thriving business, working until his death in 1924. He designed many hotels and commercial buildings, but also designed numerous churches. A staunch Baptist, he donated his services for a number of church buildings including the Baptist City Tabernacle in Brisbane. He is thought to have designed for first Baptist chapel in Sandgate.</p><br>
<p>A local builder, William Street, constructed the new church at a cost of £1300, the spire being erected by steeplejack Mr Collins. It originally had a shingled roof and was lit by kerosene lamps. A substantial building in the township, it seated 350 and probably served visitors and holidaymakers as well as the local community. Because it was one of the largest buildings in the developing town, the church was also sought after as a meeting place by a number of organisations, including the Freemasons. The first Masonic Lodge in Sandgate met there from 1894 until they acquired their own lodge in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Renovations to the church were undertaken in 1928, 1945 and in 1986 when a major renovation project was completed in time for the centenary of the opening of the church. Over time the church roof was replaced with slate, then iron sheeting and finally with coloured metal sheeting. The original kerosene lighting of the church was in turn replaced by gas, then electricity. The structure, however, remains substantially unchanged since its completion.</p><br>
<p>A modern metal garage adjoined the rear of the church and there was also a single storey 1960s brick hall to the rear, at the time the church was sold. A purpose-built kindergarten building replaced the hall and the garage has been removed.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the building was in use as a childcare centre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church stands close to the sea front at the corner of Cliff Street and Flinders Parade and is a prominent and well-known landmark in the area.</p><br>
<p>A timber fence encloses the church grounds and there is a pair of iron gates set at the street corner in line with the main entrance to the church. The building exhibits the principal characteristics of Carpenter Gothic style through its plan and various elements including its timber construction, steeply pitched roof, prominent timber gables and pointed arch motif to windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of timber, cruciform in plan, and set on concrete piers. The space between the piers is filled with concrete block work.</p><br>
<p>The steeply pitched gabled roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting and has an octagonal lantern and spire set at the roof crossing. This is clad in decorative pressed metal sheeting and has timber louvres set in panels at the base. The projecting gables to nave and transepts ends are decorated with fretwork panels above arched timber framing and have a rose window set with pink and blue coloured glass. Pairs of lancet windows set with obscure glass and sheltered by label mouldings also light the church. The main entrance porch has projecting gables over the door and flanking arched windows. There are smaller porches to the transepts and rear.</p><br>
<p>There is an entrance vestibule and two pairs of arched timber doors set with lead light open into the main body of the church. The walls and ceiling are lined with beaded boards and the roof is supported by hammer beam. The floor is presently carpeted and there is a low platform at western end. This has gothic influenced panelling at the rear and has a small room on each side of the platform with the doors concealed in the panelling. Office rooms with a small gallery above have been constructed in the northern transept.</p><br>
<p>There was a modern metal garage at the southwest corner of the building and a single storey 1960s brick hall to the rear of the church at the time the church was sold. These structures were not considered to have heritage significance. The garage has been removed and the hall demolished and replaced by a purpose-built kindergarten building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Sandgate Baptist Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Sandgate Baptist church is important in demonstrating the development of the Sandgate area, an early settlement close to Brisbane that became a popular seaside resort serving the city. The church was built in 1887 following the boom in Sandgate&#39;s population as a consequence of its connection with Brisbane by rail. It is the second Baptist church in Sandgate and reflects the growth of the Baptist Union in Queensland, replacing a small chapel built in 1872. The size and quality of the church reflect not just the growth of the area but the importance given to religious observance in nineteenth century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Sandgate Baptist church is an excellent and substantially intact example of a timber church of its era in the Carpenter Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a well-composed building on a landmark site on the seafront. In its form, scale and detail it makes an important visual contribution to the built character of Sandgate, a fact acknowledged by its popularity over the years as a subject for photographs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Sandgate Baptist church has a long association with the people of Sandgate and the surrounding district, being a place of worship and a meeting place for community groups for over a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>Baptist City Tabernacle is a heritage-listed church at 163 Wickham Terrace, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from to 1890. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle is a large cement rendered church on a corner site overlooking the central business district.</p><br>
<p>Baptists first arrived in Brisbane about 1851, with the first Baptist church being built in 1859 on the corner of Wharf and Adelaide Street. By 1887, with a congregation of over 400, a new church was needed. Prominent Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, a member of the congregation, designed both the Tabernacle and the former manse which still survives on an adjacent site. The dedication took place on 9 October 1890 and the total cost was over £18,000. It was described at the time as being a Classic Venetian style building.</p><br>
<p>The first pastor was Rev. William Whale, a notable Brisbane churchman, leader and preacher of the time. In the early 1900s, Miss Fewings Private School for Girls, which later became Somerville House, occupied the basement. The Baptist Theological College was formed in the tower and occupied it for many years, along with the ministers fraternal for use as a meeting place. The basement rooms provided space for the Sunday School, and related church activities.</p><br>
<p>The Tabernacle is the major centre for the Baptist Church in Queensland and site for the annual Assembly and other Union functions. Until recently it was the administrative headquarters for the Baptist Union.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This centrally planned church is a cement rendered brick building with parapet walls that conceal a galvanised corrugated iron roof. It is situated on a sloping site on the corner of Upper Edward Street and Wickham Terrace, overlooking the central business district, with the main entrance on the higher Wickham Terrace side.</p><br>
<p>The front facade is distinguished by centrally positioned entry stairs and an attached tower, surmounted by a cupola, that is prominently located on the southwest corner, the highest part of the site. With the exception of the four-storeyed tower, the building is two-storeys tall and sits on a base that forms a third storey, visible at the rear and sides.</p><br>
<p>All four facades are composed of variations of the same classically derived elements and motifs and are symmetrical except for the location of the tower. Each facade is divided into three bays, the central bay being larger than the two peripheral bays.</p><br>
<p>The central bay sits proud on the front and rear elevations and recedes slightly on the east and west elevations. Each central bay is further divided into three parts and has a rose window in the centre of the upper level. All other openings are arched. On the south, east and west facades the central bay is surmounted by a triangular pediment. Corners and compositional divisions in the facade are marked by banded rustication and rusticated pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The longer east and west elevations have two additional bays recessed between the two main bays. In these recesses are arched entry doors that open onto the lower-ground floor. On this level are the Sunday school rooms, lecture hall, kitchen and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<p>On the ground level above, the entry vestibule opens onto the double height space of the church; a 70 ft wide space which is spanned by timber trusses that are concealed by a flat plaster ceiling. In the corners of the building are two-storeyed rooms that look into this space, as does the gallery located over the vestibule. Internal walls are plastered and contain built-in circular cast iron ventilation grates. Decoration is restrained with the windows containing geometric patterned leadlight.</p><br>
<p>Cedar pews are arranged in a semicircular pattern facing the pulpit, baptistery, organ and choir gallery that are located at the northern end of the space and feature timber panelling. A screen has been built behind the choir. This screen blocks the original view from the auditorium of the north wall with its rose and arched windows and the spiralling timber stairs.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Baptist City Tabernacle was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle, as the home of Brisbane&#39;s oldest Baptist congregation, is important in demonstrating the evolution of the Baptist Church in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular:</p><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle is significant for its contribution to the Brisbane townscape, Wickham Terrace and Upper Edward Street Streetscapes and as a city landmark.</p><br>
<p>The composition of the buildings architectural elements and the quality and craftsmanship of the timber joinery and leadlight contribute the Baptist City Tabernacles aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle has a strong association with the Baptist Church, in Queensland, and has a special association with notable Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, as a major example of his ecclesiastical work.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Baptist City Tabernacle has a strong association with the Baptist Church, in Queensland, and has a special association with notable Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, as a major example of his ecclesiastical work.</p><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre is a heritage-listed clinic at 112 Alfred Street, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Cecil James Virgo. It is also known as Fortitude Valley Baby Clinic & Nurse Training Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 August 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre was constructed in 1923 as a baby clinic, maternity and infant nurse training centre, and administrative headquarters for baby clinics in the state and has been operating continuously for child health care since. It was the first purpose-built maternal and child welfare nurse training centre in Queensland following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922 which was part of a national and international movement to improve the health of mothers and babies.</p><br>
<p>Queensland infant death rates were high at the turn of the 20th century. Dr Alfred Jefferis Turner, the Brisbane Childrens Hospitals first resident medical officer appointed in 1889, was instrumental in reducing the death rate through his work on developing a diphtheria antitoxin which he introduced to Brisbane in 1894. Dr Turner then embarked on a further public health campaign, educating mothers in the hygienic preparation of food, particularly for those infants not breast fed, as diarrhoea remained a major factor in infant deaths.</p><br>
<p>Such initiatives reflected a growing international move towards the reduction of infant mortality through maternal education. Both England and Germany established Schools for Mothers in 1905. In New Zealand, the Royal Society for the Health of Women was founded in 1907 by Dr Frederic Truby King. His emphasis was on the promotion of breast feeding, the training of nurses in maternal and infant welfare and the education of parents in domestic hygiene.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Dr Turner established the first infant welfare clinic in Brisbane. He saw up to 100 babies a week, free of charge, although this clinic was a short-lived operation due to a lack of funds. Ongoing lobbying for the establishment of baby clinics was undertaken by the Womans Christian Temperance Union, the Queensland Womens Electoral League and the National Council of Women of Queensland. Following a child welfare conference in Sydney in 1916, the establishment of three (later expanded to four) Queensland baby clinics was announced by the Home Secretary John Huxham in August 1917. At that time there were 11 clinics in New South Wales and one in Victoria. South Australia had adopted the English/German model of the School for Mothers, opening its first Institute in Adelaide in September 1911. Huxham travelled to Sydney and Melbourne in January 1918, to assess these clinics in preparation for planning the Brisbane baby clinics.</p><br>
<p>The first Queensland Government baby clinic opened in a rented cottage in Brunswick Street, near Robertson Street, Fortitude Valley on 8 March 1918, managed by Matron Florence Chatfield of the Diamantina Hospital. In the early decades of the 20th century Fortitude Valley was a popular residential area. It had become an important commercial and retail district in the late nineteenth century following its establishment in the 1850s with the expansion of the settlement of the town of Brisbane. The three other clinics opened shortly after at Woolloongabba, Spring Hill and West End.</p><br>
<p>Public health and social reform was implicit in the growth of the town planning movement and in mid-1918 at the second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition held in Brisbane, a display provided advice on bathing, clothing and proper nutrition of infants. The organiser of this conference was Charles Edward Chuter, an officer of the Home Secretary&#39;s Department, who was to have a significant impact on the Queensland health system. Charles Chuter initiated the funding of facilities for mothers and infants through the Golden Casket lottery, where profits were allocated to the Motherhood, Child Welfare and Hospital Fund. The government assumed management of lotteries in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The profits generated through the Golden Casket facilitated the implementation of the Maternity Act 1922. The introduction of this Act was a turning point in health services for women and children in Queensland. It provided for the establishment of maternity hospitals and baby clinics throughout the state. The policy had four aims: to decrease the death rate of mothers and babies, to increase the birth rate, to increase outback settlement, and to train mothers in how to care for children. A Labor government initiative, the Maternity Act 1922 had been formulated in a social and political context where the issue of fostering and developing a healthy and virile population was closely linked to the economic development of the state.</p><br>
<p>On 22 January 1923 the Daily Standard declared that Labors noblest legislation was about to take practical form with the construction of a maternal and child welfare clinic and training school for nurses in Fortitude Valley. A brief for the clinic had been prepared by Chuter and included the accommodation of a lecture room, the usual equipment for a clinic, and a ward with three beds to accommodate mothers. It was to be the headquarters of the Maternal and Child Welfare Clinics in Queensland and the distribution centre for supplies and literature. The building was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works architect, Cecil James Virgo (1895 - 1976). His work includes a number of fine public buildings of the interwar period - Coorparoo State School (1929–34), Mackay Central State School (1933), Milton State School (1935), and Toowoomba North State School (1937).</p><br>
<p>Virgo&#39;s work is representative of the high-quality design that the Department produced during the interwar period. Typically the work was classically inspired though executed in contemporary styles with a conscious emphasis on giving institutional buildings a domestic character. These were constructed with high-quality materials and workmanship to achieve economical but long-lasting buildings.</p><br>
<p>A site in Alfred Street, Fortitude Valley containing two cottages was purchased from local merchant Thomas Charles Beirne for the sum of £850. The new site was in a central location close to the shopping area and to public transport with the Brunswick Street railway station directly adjacent. At that time a cottage near the corner of Alfred Street was refurbished for use as the clinic, while the second cottage was sold for removal enabling the construction of the new purpose-built clinic and nurse training centre. The brick building of two-storeys and basement was commenced in 1923, and was nearing completion in October when it was discovered that the Brisbane City Council intended to sewer the area, delaying it being finished while the drainage was altered. The Department of Public Works reported on 4 January 1924 that the building was completed, pending the connection to the sewerage. Matron Chatfield moved in on 15 January, although the opening of the new clinic was delayed until October 1924 waiting for drainage approvals. The building cost £5,000.</p><br>
<p>The new Fortitude Valley Baby Clinic and Nurse Training Centre (now known as the Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre) had a timber verandah on both levels at the front and rear with timber lattice screening. The ground floor contained the clinic with waiting room and doctors and treatment rooms as well as the resident nurses-in-training accommodation with a day room, bathroom and kitchen. The first floor held the training centre with a large lecture room and ward to house three mothers and their babies, the Superintendent Nurses bedroom and a sitting room. The basement was used for storage and laundry. Brisbane City Council&#39;s Parks Division laid out the grounds at a cost of £20 that was borne by the Home Secretary. The floors were originally stained and polished timber, but by November 1925 a request was made to purchase linoleum to be installed throughout, because the slippery floors were considered dangerous to mothers and children.</p><br>
<p>The first nurses at the centre were trained elsewhere. Nurse Barron, trained at the Karitane Nursing School in New Zealand, was the head of the establishment. Three other nurses trained at the Tresillian Child Welfare Centre in Sydney. The first four-month training course for Queensland nurses commenced at the end of 1924. It produced eight graduates, trained in the Truby King Mothercraft system, followed by a further eleven in 1925. These nurses went on to run new baby clinics, including those at Rockhampton, Townsville, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Cairns, Maryborough, Bundaberg, Gympie, Mackay, Charters Towers, Woolloongabba and Warwick all constructed between October 1923 and February 1930. Apart from the Cairns clinic, the remaining ten regional clinics were of a standardised design. Thirty-five maternity wards were built in hospitals across the state at this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1925-26 the Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre had the highest number of attendances and visits to newborns compared with others in operation located in Herschel Street in Brisbane City, West End, Woolloongabba, and Wynnum South. As headquarters for Queensland&#39;s baby clinics, administration of the clinics was performed from the building until around 1942 with clinics being sent "rules" attempting to standardise the quality of health care throughout the state. Dr Turner was appointed part-time director of the Department of Infant Welfare in July 1926 and he and Nurse Barron began travelling the state lecturing and writing about the need for high standards of infant care.</p><br>
<p>By July 1927 the number of patients attending the clinic for treatment had increased and accommodation was insufficient. The front verandah was enclosed with asbestos cement sheeting and venetian blinds for more room. In the same year the rear verandah was enclosed with sliding sashes to form a bedroom for the Superintendent Nurse and her previous room was converted to an office. With increased staff numbers, the rear verandah on the ground floor was enclosed with sashes to form a dining room. In 1928 a portion of the ground floor, front verandah was enclosed with sashes to give mothers and their babies&#39; greater privacy from the street.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre was expanded in 1929 to include ante-natal care (pre-birth health care) and during the 1930s the accommodation at the clinic was regularly overtaxed. A large clinic was planned for South Brisbane at this time but was never built. Legislation introduced in 1932 made it compulsory for all births to be notified to the district registrar within 48 hours. The registrar then had to inform the nearest clinic within 24 hours.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 the building was painted externally and the old kalsomine paint was removed from the interior walls, which were then repainted.</p><br>
<p>The baby clinic system continued to expand during the 1930s. Nurses travelled the state in a specially fitted out rail car, equipped as a baby clinic, lecture room and staff quarters. A number of regional sub-centres were established from 1929, and these were also accessed by nurses travelling by rail. By 1938 the rail car was limited to the north-west corner of the state and the remainder was serviced by 26 baby clinics and 78 sub-centres. Both Dr Turner and Nurse Barron retired in 1938. In 1939 the name of the service was changed from the Department of Infant Welfare, to the Maternal and Child Welfare Department.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, a 4.5 m wide two-storey extension with basement was added to the Alfred Street building along the entire south-western side adding many new rooms and additional space. The extension was designed by Public Works architect Francis Lionel Jones in matching style and detail to the original building. The verandah roof was altered so as to be continuous from the main roof. In 1940 the upper level, front verandah was enclosed with casements and a fire stair was added to the back verandah. This extension was used as a Mothercraft home. The 1938 Annual Report of the Acting Director of Infant Welfare, Dr THR Matthewson, reported that the Alfred Street Clinic had taken in some premature and delicate babies and their mothers, including a set of triplets, all of whom had made satisfactory progress. There was a demonstrated need for a designated mothercraft home, but at that time the service could only be offered during the time that nurses were in training, which only occurred for eight months of the year.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 Dr Matthewson initiated an informal correspondence service for mothers unable to attend local clinics. The following year he reported that lectures and demonstration of infant feeding were given to four doctors at the request of the British Medical Association, and that Lady Phyllis Cilento, Lecturer in Mothercraft at the University of Queensland, attended the Alfred Street Clinic with her class of medical students on two occasions for demonstrations on care, management and feeding of infants.</p><br>
<p>During the war, the clinic service particularly monitored families who had to be evacuated from areas where invasion seemed imminent. The petrol shortage led to an establishment of clinics in every suburb, amounting to 38 by 1942. Dr Matthewson was permanently appointed to the position of Medical Director in August 1941. At that time the facilities at the Alfred Street building were overcrowded. The Department of Defence which had occupied the Lady Lamington Hospital, vacated it, allowing for the Director, Superintendent, clerical staff, the nurses in charge of the correspondence centre, and ante-natal service to be relocated to this building. The correspondence service was able to be formalised from the new location.</p><br>
<p>The Mothercraft residential service could then be properly established at St Pauls Terrace, and housed 29 mothers and 53 infants during its first year, compared with 18 mothers and 31 infants who had been housed at Alfred Street the previous year. The Training School was relocated to St Pauls Terrace in 1942, and nurses accommodated in a nearby boarding house. A second Mothercraft Home opened in Clayfield in 1943. Mothercraft facilities were expanded with the opening of "Unara" in Toowoomba in 1947, the Jefferis Turner Home in Ipswich in August 1952, and the Rockhampton Home in September 1952.</p><br>
<p>By 1950 the infant mortality rate was reduced to fewer than 25 deaths per thousand births. New clinics were established in regional centres and many of the early clinic buildings were either extended or sold and larger buildings provided. Dr Jean McFarlane, who had become Deputy Director General in 1957, began regular television appearances in the early 1960s advising mothers on the management of their babies. By 1975, Queensland recorded the lowest ever recorded infant mortality rate of 15 deaths per 1000 live births.</p><br>
<p>Major changes in the function of the Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre occurred from this time. During 1975 some administrative staff relocated to the first section of a new building under construction on the site of the former Lady Lamington Hospital, in St Pauls Terrace. It opened in November 1977 and included a Mothercraft Home and Nurse Training Centre. In 1978 the Maternal Child Welfare Service celebrated its 60th Jubilee. During this time the Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre continued to operate as a baby clinic although the use of the entire building had somewhat diminished since the 1941 relocation of the administrative, training and residential functions. Consequently, little alteration has been made to the building fabric since then. In 1997, the directorate of Queensland Healths Oral Health Service moved into the building and in 2011 occupied the upper level and two offices on the ground level. Community Child Health Services continues to occupy the remainder of the ground level of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre, formerly the Maternal and Child Welfare Clinic, is a two-storey brick structure with part basement, located on a sloping site facing north-west and fronting Alfred Street. The building is in an Arts and Crafts style and sits slightly back from its front boundary behind a brick fence with tall, capped piers and a simple, timber gate.</p><br>
<p>The building has a hipped roof of corrugated, asbestos cement sheet with projecting, ventilated gables at the ridge. The exterior front and side walls are red face brick in English bond to the basement and front verandah, and stretcher bond up to the sill level of the first floor, above which the treatment is painted, pebble-dash stucco to the timber eaves. Face brick quoining extends the height of both levels and the upper level windows have face brick lintels. Windows are typically timber casements of eight panes with fanlights and cement rendered sills. Some windows/fanlights have been removed and replaced with fixed panes or sheet material for ventilation ducts. Most are shielded by steel mesh security panels on steel frames attached to the building. Two upper-level windows on the north-east elevation have timber hoods. Mounted on the building at ground floor level are many air-handling units with ducting running up the face of the building.</p><br>
<p>A cement render plaque on the front facade reads "BABY CLINIC TRAINING CENTRE, ERECTED 1923 AD, HON W McCORMACK, HOME SEC.Y". The rear verandah on two levels, supported on an English bond brick wall, is enclosed with painted weatherboards and a variety of windows, some of which date to the 1927 enclosure. A 1940 timber fire stair runs down the rear elevation from the upper level to the ground floor but not to the rear yard.</p><br>
<p>Entrance is through a central verandah flush with the Alfred Street facade. On both the ground and first levels, the verandah is timber and has simple, painted timber battening, balustrade, and weatherboards. The verandah is partially enclosed by timber casements, fixed glass, and sheet fixed behind the balustrade. The ground floor retains an early, steel, expandable security gate and early timber bench. The front door has been replaced with a modern one but the original may survive in the doors that are stacked in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The room layout corresponds very closely to the 1940 reconfiguration. This comprises a large central space with stair that is a reception area on the ground level and a waiting area on the upper level that gives access to rooms on three sides.</p><br>
<p>The building retains its original partitions, constructed of cement plaster on vertical steel rods and metal lathe. The rooms on the enclosed front and rear verandahs have walls lined with vertically jointed tongue and groove boards The ceilings throughout the core of the building are lined with flat sheet and timber cover battens in a simple geometric pattern and on the upper level there are ventilation panels that have been sheeted closed with the grille potentially surviving behind. The ceilings to the enclosed verandah are lined with vertically jointed tongue and groove boards with the exception of the front ground floor which has a ceiling lined with ripple iron. No original ceiling fittings have been retained with modern light fixtures and ceiling fans found throughout. The cornice is a square, timber cover strip. Internally, windows and doors have distinctive, tapered timber architraves. Generally the doors have 3 panels and are high-waisted, and almost all retain their original hardware including keyhole covers. Those opening onto the now enclosed verandahs are French with low waists and twelve lights in the upper section of each leaf. Door panel mouldings and skirtings differ between the original building and later extension. Windows, where original, are multi-paned, retain original hardware, and most have had their glass painted out. The skirtings are timber and are a simple ogee in the oldest part and a simple splay in the 1938 extension. The floors are linoleum sheets and tiles, or carpet throughout. The original crows ash timber flooring may survive underneath. The central spaces on both levels have chair rails and the first floor waiting area contains a picture rail.</p><br>
<p>Most of the original fittings remain including plumbing items, joinery, architraves, dado rails, and an impressive silky oak staircase. The enclosed portion of the front verandah on the ground floor also contains many early items that have been gathered over time and relate to baby clinic functions including baby-weighing scales, metal cots, photos of nurses, and a variety of furniture. The basement contains some early or original doors removed from the upper levels. There is narrow vehicular access to the rear of the site along the south-west side of the building. Nothing remains of the original garden. The rear boundary is shared with the Fortitude Valley Railway Station and has a high chain wire fence with barbed wire security.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 August 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre (1923) is important in demonstrating the development of Queensland Government health and social policy as it was the first training centre for maternal and child welfare nurses in the state, the headquarters and administration centre for all other baby clinics in the state, operated as one of the first baby clinics, and provided accommodation for mothers. Built as a Queensland Government initiative following the introduction of the Maternity Act 1922 and with funding from the state-operated lottery, the Golden Casket, it is important in demonstrating the government response to the early twentieth century Australia-wide movement to educate mothers in infant welfare and domestic hygiene, aimed at reducing the infant mortality rate.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Remaining as one of the two operational child health clinics from a group of 13 built across the state between 1923 and 1930, the Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre is significant for being highly intact and, as of 2011, having been in continuous use as a child health centre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre is highly intact and important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a purpose-built maternal and child welfare clinic, which include the spacious waiting area, doctor&#39;s room, treatment room and nurse accommodation. It also includes a nurse training centre incorporating a lecture room, and mother and baby accommodation consisting of wards, sitting room and laundry and ironing rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre is a good example of an interwar Queensland Department of Public Works institutional building characterised by good quality design and materials and constructed economically with discreet use of decorative treatments to achieve a domestic scale and character well suited to its use.</p><br>
<p>Dunaverty is a heritage-listed detached house at 21 Birkbeck Street, Albion, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1887 by Archibald McNish Fraser. It is also known as Carvarmore. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dunaverty was built in 1887 by builder and real estate entrepreneur Archibald McNish Fraser.</p><br>
<p>Fraser arrived in Brisbane from Argylshire in Scotland in 1880, aged 22, having completed his building apprenticeship, but with little money. He began his career in Brisbane working as a building contractor in Brisbane and Cleveland. Fraser built up his business, and by the mid-1880s had begun to move into real estate. Within two years of his arrival, he married Jemima Barclay, and in 1885 he purchased the Dunaverty site from his father-in-law, ganger John Barclay. He formally launched his own real estate business called the Onward Real Property Mart in 1887, the same year that Dunaverty was completed. By 1888 he had been made a Justice of the Peace.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 Fraser was praised as exemplifying a breed of young Brisbane entrepreneurs who had risen to affluence from modest beginnings, saying: "...It is with pride the city looks upon the prosperity of many such young men...".</p><br>
<p>Fraser personalised Dunaverty with the decorative detailing. Much of the glass and timberwork incorporates Scottish thistle motifs. The fanlights over the four doors to the front of the house incorporate the nicknames of three of his five children (two were born whilst the Frasers lived at Dunaverty) and his wife: Nellie, Charlie, Mima, and Katie (Ellen, Charles, Jemima and Christina). The house may have been built to showcase Fraser&#39;s business.</p><br>
<p>The Fraser family moved out of Dunaverty during the recession in the early 1890s to Exeter St, West End. The family lived in a number of residences in South Brisbane and Highgate Hill in the following years. Dunaverty remained the property of the Frasers until 1912. Archibald McNish Fraser died in 1918.</p><br>
<p>After the Fraser family moved out of Dunaverty, the house had new tenants almost every year. In 1912 Dunaverty was bought by William McGregor, when it was renamed "Carvarmore". Again it was not occupied by its owners until it was sold again in 1925. The south-east verandah may have been added around this time. Prior to 1998, a previous owner added a polygonal room to the southern corner, and bathroom and laundry structures to the rear of the house. Dunaverty changed hands several times but continued to be used as a rental property until 1998 when it became owner-occupied again.</p><br>
<p>The house remains intact as a boom-era residence with personalised detailing. However, during 1998 the house was vacant, and some of the cedar joinery and ironmongery was stolen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on the corner of Birkbeck and Hudson Rd, Dunaverty is a picturesque chamferboard cottage with a hipped corrugated iron roof. In its corner position and with its rich external detailing, the residence is prominent in a street of modest cottages along Birkbeck St, and makes a picturesque contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The house is L-shaped in plan, with a wing extending out to the north east. It has a front verandah overlooking Birkbeck St to the south-west, a side verandah along the south eastern frontage, and an enclosed verandah in the northern corner. The building has a hipped roof, with gently curved verandah awnings.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation presents a richly decorated face to the street framed by mature palms. The verandah has cast iron posts with floriated capitals, and richly detailed cast iron valances and balustrade panels. The main entrance has a projecting barrel vault supported on paired posts, which has a finely carved fretwork panel with thistle motifs and a unicorn in a crest. The end panels of the verandah thistle motifs encircling a lion in a crest. The main roof has a scalloped timber trim and carved double eaves brackets. The front entrance has coloured glass surrounds with etched thistle motifs, and is flanked by projecting bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The north-west elevation facing Hudson Rd has sash windows protected by hoods on shaped timber brackets with fretwork panels which also incorporate the thistle motif. The rear verandah is enclosed with vertical timber louvres, but the fretwork end panels remain visible. Timber French doors and casement windows open onto the verandah to the south-east. Two richly detailed brick chimneys surmounted by barley-twisted terracotta chimney pots are visible from the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house has three bedrooms and a rear kitchen along the south-western side; a central entrance hall, and a joined living and dining room to the north-east. The interior contains fine decorative detailing. It has cedar joinery throughout. The fanlights above the four doors to the front of the house are made of fretwork panels which incorporate the thistle motifs, and nicknames of Fraser&#39;s family: Nellie, Charlie, Mima, and Katie. The house has timber ceiling roses throughout which also incorporate thistle patterns, as do the coloured glass panels to the hall door (no longer extant). Much of the ironmongery in the house, particularly the door hinges and some escutcheons are decorated with floral patterns.</p><br>
<p>Dunaverty is an intact "boom era" middle class residence with fine idiosyncratic detailing which makes a picturesque contribution to Birkbeck St.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dunaverty was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with one of Brisbane&#39;s 1880s immigrant entrepreneurs, Archibald McNish Fraser. The house is a fine and intact example of a "boom era" 1880s timber residence which contains fine personalised detailing and which makes a picturesque contribution to the Birkbeck St and Hudson Rd streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is a fine and intact example of a "boom era" 1880s timber residence which contains fine personalised detailing and which makes a picturesque contribution to the Birkbeck St and Hudson Rd streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house is a fine and intact example of a "boom era" 1880s timber residence which contains fine personalised detailing and which makes a picturesque contribution to the Birkbeck St and Hudson Rd streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with one of Brisbane&#39;s 1880s immigrant entrepreneurs, Archibald McNish Fraser.</p><br>
<p>Farrington House is a heritage-listed detached house at 39 David Street, Alderley, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Clifford House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Farrington House is a single storeyed timber building with attic which was apparently built in about 1882 for Frederick Waters Wilson.</p><br>
<p>Wilson was a wealthy biscuit manufacturer and champion wedding cake designer. His company FW Wilson & Co, Steam Biscuit Manufacturers (est. 1874), was the first steam biscuit factory in the colony. Wilson utilised some of his 13 acres (5.2 hectares) for farming.</p><br>
<p>Apparently the property was rented from the mid 1890s till 1915 when David Henry Rhoades, a furniture manufacturer and retailer of Fortitude Valley, subdivided the estate so that the land was reduced to 2 acres.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Henry William Lee lived at Farrington House from 1917 to 1930. Lee, a schoolteacher, was a foundation member of the Queensland Teachers Union and was on the University of Queensland Senate from 1920 to 1923. His eldest daughter Iva Ada was the first woman resident at Womens College studying pharmacy. Farrington House provided a social venue for Lees children, several of whom were married there. It was during the Lees&#39; occupation that the house was converted from kerosene lighting to electricity and the telephone installed.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two decades Farrington House changed owners frequently until purchased by the Baptist Union of Queensland. From 1948 to 1956 it was known as Clifford House, and used by the Baptists as a residence for the elderly. It subsequently became a rooming house and flats. Originally a detached kitchen and laundry were linked to the dwelling by a covered way, and beyond was a brick bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The house has been substantially renovated during its life, and has been returned to its status as a private residence. Though little remains of the original garden and orchard, the well is still viable and the position provides 360° views of Brisbane from this prominent hill-top house. Recently two stained glass windows, signed by Messrs Ashwin and Falconer, Stained Glass Artists, 314 Pitt St Sydney New South Wales of were removed from the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Farrington House is a single storeyed timber house with accommodation provided in the attic and underneath. The house is prominently sited on a hill top in Alderley, with expansive views of the surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>The building is almost square in plan, with verandahs on four sides, partially enclosed on the southern and western sides. The corrugated iron gabled roof is punctuated with three dormer windows each on the tapering northern and southern sides. The gable ends of the buildings feature narrow timber balconies, with hipped awnings, flanked by multi pane casement windows. Overhanging eaves and the decorative barge boards of the gables are supported on paired timber fretwork brackets. The single skinned external walls of the principal floor of the house are cross braced. Gable ends are clad with chamfered timber boards, and the underneath of the building is clad with tongue and grooved boarding.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation of Farrington House houses the principal entrance which is via concrete stairs leading to a gabled section in the verandah awning, featuring a fretwork panel and with a finial. The verandah awning is supported on paired stop chamfered timber posts with mouldings, and fretwork brackets and infill panels between the paired posts. A cast iron balustrade, signed with John Grase Registered December 14, 1883 NO14.1, is surmounted by a bread loaf handrail. These same details are found on the gable balconies.</p><br>
<p>The front door is half glazed with a leadlight panel incorporating the words Farrington House and Dulcius ex Asperis. French doors flank this and are also found leading from all other rooms opening onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the house is arranged around a central hallway which extends from the front door to a rear door, and is composed of an entrance section separated from the stair section by a plaster arch lined with cedar moulding. The half turn cedar stair, has turned newel and balusters and arrives in a central open balustraded well on the attic floor. Generally the interior walls are of beaded board to the ground floor and tongue and groove on the floor above; the floors are timber board and joinery of stained cedar. Ceilings on the ground floor are generally plaster, whilst those above are beaded board.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the central hallway are the formal dining and drawing rooms, separated by a four leaf folding cedar doorway, with six panelled doors. A dark grey marble chimney piece, denoting the former dining room, features early encaustic tiles and cast iron fireplace. These rooms and the hallway are distinguished from others in the house by high skirtings boards and more elaborate cornices.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Farrington House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Farrington House demonstrates the growth of the Alderley area, and typifies the evolution of many large Queensland homes, through family home, rental property and refuge uses.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is of importance for its architectural quality, as a picturesque version of a late nineteenth century Queensland house, which remains intact in form. The house, situated on a prominent site in Alderley, is a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is a heritage-listed villa at 1 Rupert Terrace, Ascot, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Douglas Francis Woodcraft Roberts and built from to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is a two-storeyed rendered masonry house with a flat sheet metal roof concealed behind a parapet wall. An earlier house on the site was relocated in 1937 when the property was purchased by Brisbane dentist George Stewart and his wife Eileen.</p><br>
<p>They employed architect Douglas Francis Woodcraft Roberts to design the building. Roberts had travelled, worked and studied in the United States and designed the building from a Functionalist approach. His design was considered ultra modern for Brisbane in 1938, and incorporated many of the latest architectural trends and materials with a strong Art Deco influence to the interiors.</p><br>
<p>The house was noted for its all electric kitchen with appliances arranged in one line, and an electric dumb waiter servicing an upstairs breakfast room. The Stewarts employed four full-time staff; two maids, a nurse and a gardener.</p><br>
<p>Additions to the building started within two years of its completion, with the enclosure of the dining room, and of the balcony over the servants quarters for a billiard room. During the Second World War a reinforced concrete air raid shelter, which the Stewarts shared with their neighbours, was constructed.</p><br>
<p>After Dr Stewarts death in 1962 the building was rented until Brisbane architect Noel Robinson purchased it in 1979. An inground swimming pool was added and in 1985 an adjoining block of land was purchased. The following year a large extension in keeping with the architecture of the building and consisting of a family room, remodelled kitchen, terrace, garage, master bedroom and ensuite was added to the north, as well as a grass tennis court.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed rendered masonry house, with a flat sheet metal roof concealed behind a parapet wall, sits on a level southeast corner site in Ascot. The building shows a strong Functionalist approach in its design, with architectural and decorative elements including brick banding, which is now painted over, curved corner walls and windows, glass bricks and contrasting vertical and horizontal elements.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is on the south, recessed below a flat concrete awning supported by large concrete brackets. Directly above is a projecting angled alcove, with windows to the first floor, which culminates at the parapet. The building has terracotta tiled roofdecks with solid upstands and metal tubular railings to the southeast and northwest. The north side of the building sits on a face brick base with a dining terrace on the northeast, below the main bedroom, which overlooks the lawn tennis court to the north. The entrance to the subfloor air-raid shelter is located on the east below a projecting rounded pediment.</p><br>
<p>The building has metal framed casement windows, some of which have geometric leadlight panels with some windows set in curved walls. French doors, of both metal and timber frames, open onto decks which are shaded by recent metal framed canvas awnings. Awnings also shade windows to the west on the first floor. A recent timber framed carport with brick bases is attached to the western face, and trellises built in the same style are located at the south entry and at the north overlooking the tennis court.</p><br>
<p>Internally, walls are plastered and most rooms have decorative plaster ceilings. An Art Deco influence is evident with a nautical design, consisting of three concentric circles with intersecting rippled or straight lines, which is used in the wrought iron stair railing and repeated in the leadlight French doors opening off the foyer, is outlined in brass strips in the main bathroom&#39;s aggregate floor and is depicted on the chrome hood of the fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The foyer has a marble tiled floor which continues into the lounge and dining rooms and borders the carpeted stair. The foyer and stair walls are panelled with timber veneer to first floor height and the door into the kitchen has a glass porthole. The entrance door has a sandblasted panel with the inscription CHATEAU NOUS, and all doors and architraves are stained timber with chrome door hardware.</p><br>
<p>The lounge has a corner brick fireplace with a chrome hood and mirrored panels above the mantelpiece. The south wall has twin rows of vertical glass bricks and the east wall is rounded. A vertical row of glass bricks is located in the south wall of the informal dining room, which also has a servery to the L-shaped kitchen which has been refitted. The original garage is used as a guest bedroom, but retains the timber and glass garage doors which have also been reproduced for the more recent garage located on the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The former servants quarters are used for sewing and storage. The cork tiled family room extension is accessed from the kitchen, the junction of which has a lightwell which provides natural light and ventilation to the main bathroom above. The stairwell has a vertical row of glass bricks which is now backed by rice paper screens to the family room and bedroom above.</p><br>
<p>The first floor breakfast room has timber veneer wall panelling and a dumb waiter cabinet, which is no longer used. The projecting angled alcove above the entry is located in this room. The main bedroom extension has relocated the original bedroom window to the north wall and has a curved east wall with replica leadlight windows.</p><br>
<p>The main bathroom has green Vitrolite wall panels with a mauve bath and basin. The children&#39;s bedroom, which was originally a deck, has a flat concrete awning to its internal entrance and an internal window to the adjoining bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include an inground concrete swimming pool to the southeast and a lawn tennis court with timber and wire fencing to the north with dressing sheds built between these at the east. A low rendered masonry garden wall runs along both street frontages with a higher masonry wall screening the pool area.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Chateau Nous was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, in that it is an early example of Functionalist domestic architecture in Brisbane. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Functionalist building.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the contribution of the building and grounds, through scale, form and material, to the local streetscape and Ascot townscap, through the quality and intactness of the original Art Deco interior elements and as an example of both Functionalist and Art Deco design.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative achievement for the late 1930s in Brisbane, in its adoption of Functionalist architecture.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous has a special association with architect DFW Roberts, as an unusual example of his domestic work, being an early use of Functionalist architecture in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, in that it is an early example of Functionalist domestic architecture in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Functionalist building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the contribution of the building and grounds, through scale, form and material, to the local streetscape and Ascot townscap, through the quality and intactness of the original Art Deco interior elements and as an example of both Functionalist and Art Deco design.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative achievement for the late 1930s in Brisbane, in its adoption of Functionalist architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Nous has a special association with architect DFW Roberts, as an unusual example of his domestic work, being an early use of Functionalist architecture in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Windermere is a heritage-listed villa at 14 Sutherland Avenue, Ascot, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Windermere was built on land first alienated in 1855 by pastoralist James Sutherland. Sutherland owned many acres in the Toombul parish and land in the city. He worshipped at the Fortitude Valley Wesleyan Methodist Church to which he left an annual legacy when he died in 1875. Sutherland appears to have built a three bedroom dwelling on the site called "Hillside House". The house was rented in the late 1870s and in the early 1880s surveyor Henry St John Woods address was Windermere. On Woods taking up the position of government surveyor at Maryborough in 1885 the house became vacant.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that Windermere was demolished and a new house was built for Sutherland&#39;s daughter Ruth and her husband solicitor John George Appel on the site c. 1886. The house may have been designed by architect Richard Gailey, although this remains unsubstantiated.</p><br>
<p>John Appel married Ruth Sutherland in 1879, and shortly afterwards was admitted as a solicitor. He retired from practice around ten years later to become a pastoralist and politician. He was a member of the Hamilton Shire Council in 1890-1908, and was chairman twice: after Hamilton became a municipality he was twice mayor. Appel had farming interests in the Nerang area, and in 1902 he also became a member for six years of the Nerang Shire Council. Appel entered the Queensland Legislative Assembly as the member for Albert in 1908, and joined the ministry as Secretary for Mines and Public works, finding his true metier as Home Secretary in 1909, retaining this portfolio until 1915.</p><br>
<p>Windermere was owned by Charles Frederick White for five years from 1918, during which time it was rented. In 1923 it was the house was bought by George Kermode Jeffrey and his wife Lillian. During the 1920s the detached kitchen wing and servants quarters were demolished, and the eastern verandah enclosed.</p><br>
<p>From 1928 until 1967 the property was owned and inhabited by Dr Ellis Murphy and his wife Mary (daughter of Thomas Charles Beirne). Dr Ellis was a physician to the Brisbane General Hospital from 1938 to 1954, and part-time Professor of Medicine at the University of Queensland from 1950-1954. He was knighted in 1967.</p><br>
<p>In 1967 Windermere was purchased by Barbara and Trevor Cottee. In 1984 it was bought by Robert Geoffrey Bentley and his wife, and again sold in 1986 to Peter Maloney and wife. During the 1980s, the house underwent substantial modifications which included the reconstruction of the front stairs, the addition of a bathroom and study in the northern section of the house, the demolition of the rear laundry and bathroom, works to the rear of the house, and the re-decking of the front verandah. In 1994 the residence was bought by T & D Weeks, and extensive reburbishment of the gardens, rear wings, front verandah and interior was undertaken.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Windermere is a substantial picturesque single-storeyed chamferboard residence with corrugated iron roofs. The house sits on a rise and is set back from Sutherland Avenue, overlooking gardens which contain mature trees. The building and mature trees contribute to the Ascot townscape.</p><br>
<p>The building has been added to and altered over the years, but the core of the house and its principal frontage to the street remain substantially intact in form and detail. This core comprises a "public realm" of formal entertaining areas to the south, separated by a generous corridor/entry hall from a "private realm" of rooms for family use. The house also has two more recently added wings which extend out to the rear: part of the southern wing is a 1930s addition. The house has wide verandahs to the south and the east, which connect via a gazebo in the south eastern corner. A verandah to the north east is now partially enclosed. The house has multiple projecting bays: large faceted bays to the north-east and south-west, which project out beyond the main roof line; a bay to the north encircled by a faceted verandah; a small step-out bay to the north and two small faceted bays either side of the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>Externally, the house has picturesque and fine detailing. The large projecting bays have faceted roofs, battened eaves, shaped timber eaves brackets, and are crowned with tall finials. The verandahs have cast iron balustrades, chamfered timber posts with timber capitals, and mortice and tenoned lattice spandrels, curved timber valances, and timber-lined ceilings. The gazebo to the south east corner of the house has an ogee roof topped with a large turned finial. The base of the house is enclosed with lattice panels. The eastern (front) elevation has a central entrance stair which arrives under a projecting pediment supported on paired posts. The wide cedar entrance door is framed with sidelights and fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The "core" of the house has high timber lined ceilings, and timber lined floors and walls with picture rails throughout. The house contains fine detailing, including cedar joinery, etched and coloured glass windows, timber ceiling roses, mouldings and marble fireplaces with hand-painted tiles. The corridors have fine cedar arches with scalloped edges. The timber sash windows have frosted edging with patterned corners. Several fanlights also have coloured glass. Timber French doors open onto the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain some large mature trees, including Bunya Pines and camphor laurel. The Sutherland Avenue frontage has a finely decorated fence with substantial gateposts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Windermere was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Windermere is an excellent example of the type of home built for the prominent families during the 1880s boom period. It has a strong association with prominent Queensland politician/pastoralist John Appel, and notable Brisbane physician Dr Ellis Murphy. The picturesque residence and mature trees contribute to the Ascot townscape, and the residence contains fine internal detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Windermere is an excellent example of the type of home built for the prominent families during the 1880s boom period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque residence and mature trees contribute to the Ascot townscape, and the residence contains fine internal detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with prominent Queensland politician/pastoralist John Appel, and notable Brisbane physician Dr Ellis Murphy.</p><br>
<p>Glen Lyon is a heritage-listed villa at 34 Glenlyon Drive, Ashgrove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1876 to 1877. It is also known as Marist Fathers Monastery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed residence, the second oldest in the Ashgrove area (after the so-called Granite House in nearby St Johns Wood), was erected in 1876-7 for Alexander Stewart, a partner in the merchant firm of Stewart & Hemmant. It was the centrepiece of a 250 acre estate acquired by Stewart in 1875 and 1876. The property, which extended along both sides of Enoggera Creek, was named Glen Lyon after Stewart&#39;s birthplace in Scotland (Glen Lyon).</p><br>
<p>Probably designed by architect James Cowlishaw, the original plans were modified when financial considerations forced Stewart to have a more modest residence erected.</p><br>
<p>At Glen Lyon, Stewart created a country estate. Within a few years the property contained a dairy herd, fowl runs, duck pond, an orchard and vegetable garden and an assortment of outbuildings. A well was sunk, detached servants quarters and a dairy were constructed at the rear of the main house, and a coachmans cottage, known as the Lodge, was erected near Waterworks Road.</p><br>
<p>An avenue of bunya pines, which still stand, was planted the length of the front drive (now Glenlyon Drive). The present entrance gates are not the original; wrought iron gates set in pillars of granite, which formerly fronted Waterworks Road, have been removed to Stuartholme Convent.</p><br>
<p>A detached billiards room was constructed in the 1880s or early 1890s, and the grounds around the house were landscaped. Steps led from the billiard room to a tennis court.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Stewart died in 1918 and the property was subsequently sold. Most of the estate was purchased by developer T M Burke who gradually subdivided it as the Glenlyon Estate. The house and immediate surrounds were purchased by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane. From about 1927 the house was rented to the New Zealand province of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers), who purchased it in 1930. The Marist Fathers sold Glen Lyon and it currently functions as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Glen Lyon is a large two-storeyed brick residence which is rendered to resemble ashlar. It has a hipped tiled roof, which originally was clad with slates. Wide verandahs on three sides at both levels are ornamented with cast-iron balustrading and Corinthian pillars.</p><br>
<p>At the front and north-eastern side, sets of white marble steps with urns lead to the lower verandah, which is paved with black and white marble. Bay windows to both levels on the front elevation have wide rectangular sashed windows, and the front entrance incorporates side panels and a fanlight of stained glass. Kitchen and bedroom wings at the rear enclose a courtyard containing a well.</p><br>
<p>Marble fireplaces are a feature of the interior, and the joinery is mainly of oak. Hand-painted decoration is visible on one of the ceilings. An elaborate stained glass window above the central staircase bears the motto of the first owners - Semper fidelis (always faithful) - but the lion&#39;s head family crest formerly located beneath this has been replaced by depictions of the Virgin Mary and Child.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the residence is a chapel which was formerly a billiards room, gun room and cellar. It is a small rendered brick building with a corrugated-iron hipped roof, bay windows, and arched porches. Most of the windows contain stained glass.</p><br>
<p>The detached brick dairy is externally intact, but has been converted into a toilet block. The former servants&#39; quarters remains, as does the well.</p><br>
<p>The house and outbuildings remain on a much reduced site of approximately.78 of a hectare.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Glen Lyon was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Glen Lyon is one of the earliest residences in the Enoggera Creek area, and is closely associated with the development of the suburb of Ashgrove.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Glen Lyon is a rare and substantially intact late 1870s country house with associated outbuildings and gardens, and an avenue of trees.</p><br>
<p>Harmony Hall, also known as the Peebles House, is a historic building located at 109 East King Street in Kinston, North Carolina, United States. The 18th-century house, the oldest building in Kinston, has been owned by several prominent citizens, most notably North Carolina&#39;s first elected governor. The house also briefly served as the de facto state capitol during the Revolutionary War. The building has been expanded and renovated throughout its history, transitioning from the Georgian and Federal styles to Greek Revival. One of the prominent features of the house is the two-story porch on the facade. Harmony Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 1971 and currently serves as a house museum operated by a local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Harmony Hall was built on land Elizabeth Herritage inherited from her father, William Herritage. William had convinced the North Carolina Colonial Assembly to locate the new town of Kingston (named after King George III; renamed Kinston after the Revolutionary War) on his land. Elizabeth and her husband, Captain Jesse Cobb, began building their home in 1772 when they were married, and by 1776, construction of the house was complete. That same year, Cobb left to fight in the Battle of Moore&#39;s Creek Bridge near Wilmington. By the time he returned home, Elizabeth had given birth to their son, John. Later that year Cobb left again to fight in the war, serving in the Continental Army with General George Washington during the New York and New Jersey campaign and winter at Valley Forge.</p><br>
<p>During the war, the seat of North Carolinas government, New Bern, was vulnerable to attacks by the Royal Navy. The states first governor and Elizabeth Cobbs brother-in-law, Richard Caswell, moved the state government offices further inland to Kinston to solve this problem. Caswell lived at his nearby estate, Newington, and Harmony Hall became the residence of James Glasgow, the first North Carolina Secretary of State. Much of the state records were stored in the home while meetings of the State Board of War and other government groups also met there. Following the war, Caswell purchased the home from Jesse and Elizabeth, though he continued living at his Newington estate. In 1782, Caswell gave Harmony Hall to his second son, 24-year-old Richard Jr., who was a successful businessman at the time. During a business trip in December 1784, Richard Jr. left Charleston on a ship bound for New Bern. The ship was never heard from again and his estate was settled the following year. Richard Jr.s younger brothers, John and Winston, lived in the home until their deaths in 1796 and around 1799, respectively. The house underwent its first extensive renovation during the 1790s. John Caswell&#39;s widow, Mary, married William Lovick sometime around 1800 and died a few years later. Lovick remarried and continued living in the home.</p><br>
<p>Harmony Hall was later owned by Jesse Cobb, Jesse and Elizabeths grandson, city commissioner Abner Pearce, and councilman John Henry Peebles. Peebles and his wife, Harriet Cobb, Jesse and Elizabeths granddaughter, purchased the house in 1845. Two wings had previously been added to the home around 1830 and the Peebles extensively renovated it in the Greek Revival architectural style, including lowering the roof and adding the balustrade. In 1864, John reportedly killed himself in the homes upstairs bedroom because he was depressed about the ruined state of his business and property. Harriet reopened the familys store after the war and managed it until about 1897. Restoration of the building was completed in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Harmony Hall, the oldest building in Kinston, is still owned and maintained by the LCHA. The house, which is reportedly haunted, is open to the public Wednesday through Saturday, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., and may be rented for special occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival alterations made in the 19th century removed most of the early Georgian and Federal architectural details. The two-story frame building features single story wings on the east and west sides, a brick foundation, and low pyramidal roof. The original portion of the home is three bays wide while the wings are one bay. Two wooden pillars support the two-story single-bay porch with a trellis balustrade located on the facade. The entrance features a seven-pane transom and sidelights while the second floor porch door features just the sidelights. Each side of the original portion is three bays wide and features a Flemish bond brick chimney. The east and west sides of the wings are two bays wide and each has an interior end chimney. The rear side of the building is three bays wide and includes a back entrance and common bond chimney. A small porch on the rear entrance connects the house with a frame kitchen building. The homes windows are nine-over-nine sash on the original portions facade, nine-over-nine on the first floor of the wings, and six-over-six on the second floor of the wings.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands is a heritage-listed villa at 451 Coronation Drive, Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and was built by contractor Arthur Smith. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moorlands was constructed in 1892 for the Mayne family of Brisbane. It replaced an earlier timber residence on the site which was known as Moorlands Villa.</p><br>
<p>Mary Mayne, widow of Patrick Mayne, had purchased the earlier house and 15 acre in 1876. Patrick Mayne was a prominent Brisbane resident in the 1860s-1870s who owned a butcher shop in Queen Street, served as an alderman of the Brisbane Municipal Council and speculated in property. Mary Mayne and her five children resided in Moorlands Villa until her death in September 1889.</p><br>
<p>Four of the children, James, William, Isaac and Mary Emelia, continued to occupy the property and decided to build a new house. The foundation stone was laid by Mary Emelia Mayne on 3 June 1892. Beneath this was placed a time capsule, enclosing newspapers of the day and a statement explaining why the house was being built.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architect Richard Gailey, and erected by contractor Arthur Smith. The ground floor contained porch, vestibule, staircase hall, drawing room, parlour, dining room, smoking room, cloakroom, serving room, pantries and kitchen. The basement housed cellars, dairy, stores and laundry. A vestibule, ten bedrooms and several bathrooms were located on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands remained the property of the Mayne family until 1940, when it was bequeathed to the University of Queensland, to which the family also had donated funds in the 1920s to purchase the St Lucia campus.</p><br>
<p>United States service personnel occupied Moorlands during World War II and several army-style huts remain in the grounds. In 1947 the building was sold to the Brisbane branch of the Legacy War Widows and Orphans Fund, and accommodated war-orphaned children and widows until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Methodist (later Uniting) Church bought the property in 1971 and the Wesley Hospital, which opened in March 1977, was built in the grounds behind the house. Moorlands was renovated and converted to office accommodation for the Blue Nursing Service. It is now the head office of the Uniting Church&#39;s Division of Aged Care and Domiciliary Services.</p><br>
<p>Following road widening in the 1970s the front fencing was removed and the gates and gate posts (replicas of the originals) were relocated higher up the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Moorlands is a large, two storeyed, rendered brick building, with timber belvedere and an attached service wing to the rear. It stands prominently on a hill overlooking the Brisbane River at the Toowong Reach, in substantial grounds fronting Coronation Drive.</p><br>
<p>The main roof is clad with slate, but the steep turreted roof of a corner observation tower is sheeted in broad-profile galvanised iron. Four double chimney stacks rise above the roofline.</p><br>
<p>The southeast and northeast elevations, with views of the river, feature verandahs on both levels, an elaborate timber belvedere at the corner, and a projecting gable with bay windows in the front (southeastern) elevation. The verandahs and tower are detailed with double timber posts with shared capitals and timber brackets, a balustrading of fine cast iron, and a timber valance.</p><br>
<p>Internally the walls and high ceilings are plastered and painted, with plaster ceiling roses in every room and arches in the hallways and in front of the bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The principal rooms feature elaborate cornices, paper friezes and timber moulding picture rails, which once were decorated in polychrome and gilding. Only the principal front room retains the original decoration.</p><br>
<p>Most rooms contain a fireplace with glazed ceramic tiles and a marble surround. Extensive cedar joinery (particularly the fine staircase and folding doors on the ground floor), is employed throughout the interior. Fretwork balustrading panels in the stairwell feature the intertwined letters PM and on the base newel are carved the Latin words "sursum corda" (translation "Lift up your hearts"). The stairwell is lit by a large stained glass window of elaborate design.</p><br>
<p>The internal arrangement of rooms survives, including the cellars beneath the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>A number of mature trees including bunya, poinciana and jacaranda are remnants of an earlier landscaped garden. The multi-storeyed Wesley Hospital complex is situated adjacent to the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Moorlands was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial 1890s brick residence.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by thecommunity, in particular its landmark quality, contribution to the Coronation Drive streetscape and to the riverscape of the Toowong Reach of the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands has special association with the Mayne family, major benefactors of the University of Queensland, and with the domestic work of architect Richard Gailey.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial 1890s brick residence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by thecommunity, in particular its landmark quality, contribution to the Coronation Drive streetscape and to the riverscape of the Toowong Reach of the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Moorlands has special association with the Mayne family, major benefactors of the University of Queensland, and with the domestic work of architect Richard Gailey.</p><br>
<p>Bardon House is a heritage-listed detached house at 41 The Drive, Bardon, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1864 to 1926. It is also known as Franciscan Sisters&#39; Convent. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bardon House, a two-storeyed stone residence, was constructed in 1864 by Joshua Jeays, builder, architect and early mayor of Brisbane. It is thought that he constructed it for his wife Sarah, who died prior to its completion.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Jeays arrived in Moreton Bay from England with his family in 1853. He was trained as a carpenter and builder and established himself as a builder and architect in 1857, securing contracts for many notable early Brisbane buildings including Old Government House. After retiring in 1864, he continued to operate his stone quarry at Woogaroo, where the stone for Bardon House was quarried. He was also involved in local politics, becoming an alderman of the Brisbane Municipal Council in its foundation year, 1859 and serving as Mayor of Brisbane in 1864-65.</p><br>
<p>Upon arrival in Brisbane, Jeays resided at North Quay, later purchasing 39 acres of land at Bardon during the first land sales of the area. It is thought that the house was named Bardon at the request of Jeay&#39;s wife who apparently likening the area to Bardon Hills in Leicestershire where the family had lived in England. Bardon subsequently became the name of the surrounding suburb.</p><br>
<p>Jeays did not reside in the house, probably due to the early death of his wife, and the house passed into the hands of his children. It is thought that his daughter Sarah and her husband, Charles Lilley (later Sir Charles and Governor of Queensland) resided at the house at some stage. Bardon House left the ownership of the Jeays/Lilley families in 1911, when it was sold to Arthur Exley and two partners. Exley, a school teacher became the sole owner of the house in 1917 and resided in it until James Duhig purchased it for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1925. By the time Duhig purchased Bardon, the grounds had been substantially subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The parish of Bardon was declared in 1925, the 38th Parish of the Archdiocese, and the suburb was named the following year. The first mass was celebrated at Bardon House in 1925 by Monsigneur Lee of nearby Rosalie Parish. It was held in the central room of Bardon House, with the mantelpiece and table substituting as an altar.</p><br>
<p>Appointed in 1925, Father Max Irvine, the Chaplain at Stuartholme Convent, became the first Parish Priest, and resided at Bardon House. By the following year, services were no longer held in Bardon House, as a church (St Mary Magdalenes) was constructed within the grounds. It was a timber structure, built on a sloping site to the east of the house. When a new St Mary Magdalenes church was constructed in 1963, the old timber church was retained for use as a hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, Bardon House became the centre of a school established by Archbishop Duhig. Dr O&#39;Donoghue, the Parish Priest, vacated Bardon and the Missionary Franciscan Sisters moved in on January 19, 1938 to establish the new school, to be known as St Josephs.</p><br>
<p>Additions to the house in the form of an enclosed verandah were made to accommodate a classroom. Funding for its construction and furnishing was contributed by the local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Ithaca, Mr Edward Hanlon.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s school was opened on January 24, 1938, with 31 male and female pupils. By the end of the year, a separate school room was constructed on the site, its erection made possible through the anonymous donation of £1000.</p><br>
<p>Despite temporary closure in 1942 due to the Second World War, the school continued to grow. Bardon House is now surrounded by many school buildings which have been erected as the need for more space arose.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bardon House, an example of Victorian Gothic architecture, is a two-storeyed stone structure located within the grounds of St Joseph&#39;s School, Bardon. The building is located on a rise above The Drive to the south, near the intersection with Cecil Road. Bardon House, originally situated overlooking Bardon and Ithaca Creek, is now partly surrounded by school buildings to the north and northwest, and a carpark to the east.</p><br>
<p>The building has a complex steeply pitched roof with intersecting gables and dormer windows. The roof was originally shingled, but is currently sheeted with ribbed decking, and the chimney stacks have been removed. The gables have decorative fretwork bargeboards, and the dormers have louvred window units. The building has an L-shaped plan, with the main wing facing northeast and a service wing at the rear to the south. A single-storeyed gabled extension has been added to the rear southern wing, and lean-to additions to the western side.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of uncoursed squared rubble, with the remains of tuck pointing, and rough faced sandstone quoining to corners, doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>The northeast elevation has a central projecting gable, and an enclosed verandah to the ground floor. The gable has a central louvred window, surmounted by a sandstone relieving arch, with a stepped sandstone moulding below. The enclosed verandah has a corrugated iron lean-to roof, fibrous cement cladding, and louvred and casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The southeast elevation has a wide gable end to the main wing, with a narrower projecting gable adjacent to the south. A lean-to verandah is located adjacent to the southern wing. The wide gable has a large multi-paned leadlight sash window to the ground floor, with evidence of a former window hood, surmounted by a sandstone relieving arch above. The first floor has a smaller casement window surmounting a stepped sandstone moulding, with a narrow lancet to the apex. The narrower gable has a central door to the ground floor, which is no longer used, with a fanlight and squared sandstone moulding forming the upper part of an architrave. The first floor has a narrow lancet window, with glass louvres, surmounting a stepped sandstone moulding. The lean-to verandah has been enclosed with timber lattice at the northern end, and has square timber posts and timber rail balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The northwest elevation has a gable end to the main wing, with two courses of sandstone forming a base, and a large louvred window to the ground floor surmounted by a sandstone relieving arch. The first floor has a smaller casement window surmounting a stepped sandstone moulding. A small square window opening, with glass louvres lighting a non-original toilet, has been inserted to the south of the casement window. External plumbing is also visible.</p><br>
<p>The lean-to addition to the western side of the rear wing has a corrugated iron roof, fibrous cement cladding, louvred windows and a brick base. A single-storeyed southern extension is constructed of Flemish bond brickwork, with a corrugated iron gable roof. The southern end of the southeast verandah has been enclosed with fibrous cement cladding, and has casement windows and French doors onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor of the main wing has a large central room (chapel), with a smaller room either side, and an enclosed verandah lined with fibrous cement sheeting along the northeast. The northern room has a central partition wall, which divides the space forming two bedrooms, and which bisects the fireplace surround and window. A staircase is located within the intersection with the southern wing, which has a living room and kitchen with a verandah on the southeast. A music room forms the later extension to the south. The western side has a lean-to addition, containing service rooms and hallway, and is lined with fibrous cement sheeting. The ground floor of the building has mainly rendered masonry walls, pressed metal ceilings, and French doors with fanlights opening onto verandahs. The joinery is painted throughout, but reportedly is of cedar, and includes panelled doors, some with fanlights, architraves, skirtings and some fireplace surrounds. All fireplaces have been filled in.</p><br>
<p>A small room adjacent to the staircase has an external door which is no longer used, and a pivoting window with coloured glass panels opening onto the southeast verandah. This room may have formed part of the original entrance foyer, but the original arrangement in unknown. The staircase is early, but not original, and consists of a narrow dog-leg with winders, narrow turned timber newel posts and slim timber balusters. The wall to the south of the staircase has fibrous cement sheeting. The rear kitchen area has been altered, with a small room forming a two-way pantry, and a door and window to the western addition being removed.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the first floor contains bedrooms with a corridor along the southwest side and a bathroom at the northwest end. Walls and ceilings are lined with fibrous cement sheeting, with the rake of the roof sloping to approximately window sill height. A partition wall divides the central room into two bedrooms, bisecting a dormer window. The northwest bathroom, toilet and bedroom were also formed by a partition wall dividing a larger room.</p><br>
<p>A carport is located on the southern side of the western lean-to addition, and a timber fence encloses a western garden. The house is surrounded by mature trees on the southwest and southeast sides.</p><br>
<p>St Mary Magdalene&#39;s Hall is located to the east of Bardon House, on the opposite side of the carpark adjacent to the entrance to the property. The hall is located on a steeply sloping site, with the entrance on the south at ground level, and the rear of the building supported on tall concrete stumps. It is a single-storeyed weatherboard structure with a tiled gable roof with raised ridge ventilation at the front and rear. Windows comprising glass horizontal louvres are evenly spaced along either side.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the walls are of stained timber vertical boards to dado height, above which the walls are sheeted with a pale coloured material with dark stained cover strips placed in a symmetrical pattern. The ceiling features open timber trusses and is lined with dark stained timber boards which are diagonally laid with lattice ventilators at either end.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bardon House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed by 1863, Bardon House is important for the evidence it provides of the way of life of prosperous citizens in the outer suburbs of Brisbane in the early decades of Queenslands history. In 1925, Bardon House was acquired for use as a convent and church for the new parish of Rosalie, and as such, demonstrates the evolution of the Roman Catholic church in Queensland. This is also demonstrated by the adjacent St Mary Magdelenes Hall which was constructed in 1926 as the first parish church. It remained in use until a new church was constructed in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Bardon House is a Victorian Gothic style stone house with a complex steeply pitched roof of intersecting gables and dormer windows and is an uncommon example of this style of architecture in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house is of aesthetic significance due to its prominence in the streetscape and for its fine workmanship and architectural style. It is important as an early example of a fine quality 1860s Queensland residence of masonry construction and fine joinery. Mature plantings surround the house on two sides.</p><br>
<p>St Mary Magdelene&#39;s Hall is also of aesthetic significance for its high degree of internal detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The house and the hall are significant for their association with the local parish, and with the Roman Catholic Church who have been the owners of Bardon House, St Mary Magdelene&#39;s Hall and the grounds since 1925.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bardon House is significant for its association with its first owner, Joshua Jeays, who was a prominent Brisbane builder, architect and politician.</p><br>
<p>Cintra House is a heritage-listed villa at 23 Boyd Street, Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1863 to 1890s. It is also known as Cintra. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Cintra, a two-storeyed Georgian influenced stone house, was built in 1863-64 for George Webb to a design by Benjamin Backhouse. It comprised four rooms on each level, surrounded by a ground floor verandah.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the property was bought by Boyd Dunlop Morehead, a successful pastoralist and businessman who was Premier of Queensland 1888-1890. To accommodate his growing family, Morehead extended the house to the south. This extension now forms a separate residence. A rear service wing is thought to have been built in the 1870s. Possibly about 1890 he added the faceted bay on the eastern side. The old verandah was replaced with two-storeyed verandahs along the northern and western sides.</p><br>
<p>Morehead died in 1905 and in 1912 Cintra was acquired by railway contractor and businessman Acheson Overend. In 1925 he sold Cintra which was then divided into two, the connection to the southern extension being dismantled. The southern extension eventually, with alterations and additions, became the Cintra Nursing Home.</p><br>
<p>Cintra House became Our Lady of Victories Convent in 1927. During World War II the American army used the bungalow (but not the main house) as a photographic laboratory. From 1966 to 1973 it was the headquarters of the Queensland Motor Sporting Club. In 1973 it was purchased by Noel Kratzman and refurbished. It then became Cintra House Galleries until 1987 when it returned to its original use as a family home.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cintra House is a two-storeyed masonry house dating from the 1860s, with double-storeyed verandahs on two sides and with a corrugated metal roof. A gabled service wing extends off the rear. The eastern elevation features a double-storeyed faceted bay (possibly 1890). The present two-storeyed verandah running along the northern and western sides, has cast-iron balusters, double posts, and frieze. On the lower level, the latticed valance replaced an earlier scalloped tongue and groove valance at the time of refurbishment. The capitals to the lower level posts were removed at the same time. A small verandah above the entrance porch is of similar design and materials as the main verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally the house has been renovated with little of the earlier fabric surviving. It now consists of two reception rooms and a dining room on the ground floor and five bedrooms upstairs. A modern kitchen is located in the service wing.</p><br>
<p>The house is situated in a prominent hillside position with good views of the Brisbane River. The sweeping north lawn is lined with a row of mature palm trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cintra House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>A large "villa" residence which embodies structural and stylistic changes from the 1860s, reflecting changing affluent lifestyle and tastes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its landmark quality as one of Brisbane&#39;s most commanding hilltop residences.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its association with Boyd Morehead.</p><br>
<p>The Croix Scaille is the plateau of a forested massif in the Ardennes bounded to the north by the valley of the Semois and to the east by the Meuse. It is the highest point of the southern Ardennes, with a height of 504 metres above sea level and is located exactly on the Franco-Belgian border on the edge of the French département of Ardennes , and the Belgian province of Namur .</p><br>
<p>The wooded plateau is covered by the bois de Saint-Jean on the Belgian side, named after the stream that crosses the border from south to north, and by the bois des Haies on the French side, probably taking its name from the beech trees (French: hêtres) which are one of the dominant species here together with oak and spruce.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, the wooded area of Croix Scaille was a hotbed of maquis resistance in the Ardennes.</p><br>
<p>The spectacular Tour du Millénaire, which was erected in 2001, has 243 steps and enables a panoramic view of the Belgian and French Ardennes. The original wooden structure rotted and was dismantled in 2008 before being rebuilt in metal in 2012.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Miegunyah is a heritage-listed detached house at 35 Jordan Terrace, Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Beverley Wood. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. It is now home to the Queensland Women’s Historical Association and operated as a late 19th century period historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed timber residence was built around 1885 on land owned by William Perry, a successful ironmonger and merchant who lived at nearby Folkstone. Perry had bought the land in 1875, and the house was occupied by his adult sons Herbert and George who built the business premises Perry House in the Brisbane CBD.</p><br>
<p>Leila Perry died in 1920 and Herbert Perry died in 1922. Miegunyah remained in the Perry family until 1926, and several changes of ownership followed to 1966. The house was saved from demolition by the Queensland Women&#39;s Historical Association, who by 1967 had raised sufficient funds to acquire the building. They refurbished the house and later opened it as a house museum dedicated to the pioneer women of Queensland. The interior has been partly returned to its original layout and colour scheme.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Miegunyah is a single-storeyed timber house (c.1885) surrounded by a verandah with cast-iron balusters, wide filigree posts and valances. Bay windows at the front do not extend to the hipped roof which is in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Entry is via a projecting gabled portico with a fretwork pediment. The house is highset at the front with brick piers and honeycomb brick infill. The stairs and portico base are in solid masonry ornamented in classic detail including arches with keystones.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the timber stables at the rear has been conserved while the interior has been altered to provide caretaker accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Miegunyah was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Miegunyah demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial single storeyed 1880s residence, including stables and garden. The fine quality of the residence exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>Miegunyah is significant for the association between the building and the Perry family, prominent Brisbane merchants and also with the work of the Queensland Women&#39;s Historical Association.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Miegunyah demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial single storeyed 1880s residence, including stables and garden.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The fine quality of the residence exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Miegunyah is significant for the association between the building and the Perry family, prominent Brisbane merchants and also with the work of the Queensland Women&#39;s Historical Association.</p><br>
<p>Loch Bràigh Horrisdale is a small, irregular shaped, freshwater loch in Wester Ross, in the north west of Scotland. The loch lies approximately 2 mi south southeast of the village of Badachro and is close to the Fairy Lochs.</p><br>
<p>An in-river hydro-electric scheme down-stream of the loch has been proposed. As a result of this, an environmental assessment of the fish and fish habitat of the loch and its outflow was commissioned. The assessment was reported in 2014. A full EIA planning application for the 2MW scheme was lodged with Highland Council by Three Lochs Hydro Ltd on 28 July 2016.</p><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed on 6 August 1902 as part of the Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>The Oderské vrchy or Odra Highlands are a mountain range in the Czech Republic, which forms the most Eastern part of the Sudetes mountain range and the eastern rim of the larger Bohemian Massif. The Moravian Gate separates it from the Western Carpathians in the southeast. The highest peak is Fidlův kopec at a height of 680 m. In the Oderské vrchy is the source of the Oder river, the second longest river in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range is located entirely in Czech territory and create a slight highland within the Eastern Sudetes mountains, frequently stated to be part of the larger Nízký Jeseník mountainous region stretching up to the Hrubý Jeseník range and the Opawskie Mountains in the northwest.</p><br>
<p>To the Southeast Oderské vrchy borders the Moravian Gate, to the South and West it borders the basin of the Bečva river and the Haná lowlands, while in the North the range ends near Ostrava and Opava in Czech Silesia. Other cities surrounding the mountains include Olomouc in the Southwest, as well as Odry and Bílovec.</p><br>
<p>Large parts of the mountains are part of the Libavá military training area. Though recently reduced in size, this area, except for the trails to the source of the Oder river, is not open to tourists visitors.</p><br>
<p>Manolas  is the main settlement and the capital of Therasia, the small island opposite to Santorini . It is located in the east of island, above the abrupt Santorini caldera. So it has a beautiful view for volcano and the main settlements of Santorini such as Fira, Imerovigli, Oia etc. The approach of Manolas becomes whether through the car road from the port of Riva or the uphill path from the small port of Korfos. The donkeys are the main transport mean in this path. Manolas has a population of 160 inhabitants according to 2011 census. It belongs to Thira municipality and Oia municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Manolas is a traditional cycladic village with the small, cubic houses, the white walls and the narrow roads. The settlement is located in the top of the island and it has a splendid view to caldera. A notable building is the church of Saint Constantine, built in 1874. Beautiful route around the village is the stone uphill path that joins Manolas with the small port Corfu. Near the village is the uninhabited settlement Kera and the traditional cycladic monastery of Panagia Trypiti or Kera, that is located 3 km south of Manolas.</p><br>
<p>The Highway B-1, Little Telico Creek Bridge is a historic bridge in Caldwell, Arkansas. It is a reinforced concrete bridge, built c. 1918, which now carries Airport Road over Little Telico Creek on the south side of the city. The bridge was built at a time when standards for concrete bridges had not yet been set. It has three spans with an overall length of 80 ft and a width of 19 ft. It was built as part of a general construction plan to improve the road system in St. Francis County, and originally carried Highway B-1, which was later redesignated Arkansas Highway 1. It carried this roadway until 1964, when the present alignment of Highway 1 was built just to the east.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Owls Head Mountain is a 2,812 ft mountain in Long Lake, New York in the Adirondack Park.</p><br>
<p>It can be climbed from a trailhead on Endion Road off of New York Route 30 just north of the hamlet of Long Lake. The trail provides a 3.2 mi ascent with a gain of 1,200 ft; a side trail leads to Lake Eaton. The view from the summit includes 14 mi Long Lake, part of the Raquette River. A 30 ft Aermotor steel fire tower affords a 360-degree view of the central Adirondacks and Adirondack High Peaks region; nearer peaks include Kempshall Mountain on the shore of Long Lake, and the fire towers of Blue Mountain, Wakely Mountain, Snowy Mountain, Goodnow Mountain and Mount Arab. The trail to the summit passes the foundation of the old fire observer&#39;s cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Château d’Agnou is a château, or manor house, situated in a place locally known as Bout d’Agnou in Maule, France. It is classified as a French historical monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Medieval castle</h3><br>
<p>In the 12th century, a castle called the Château Saint-Vincent was raised on the spot of the present manor. Built in the faubourg of Agnou, within the fiefdom of the Boutigny family, it stood outside the long walls that enclosed Maule. The Boutignys owned the castle from the 13th century on: first Hugues de Boutigny, Lord of Gavral, then his son Jean de Boutigny. However, it was later dismantled by order of King Louis VI. In 1357, the city was pillaged by Charles II of Navarre, who totally leveled the edifice. From then on, the barons of Maule lived in town, in houses constructed for them. This situation would change in the 16th century.</p><br>
<h3>Manor House</h3><br>
<p>The barony of Maule was held by the Morainvillier family until 1597, soon after which it would pass to the Harlays of Sancy, who had been acquiring local fiefdoms since 1578. The transfer occurred in 1602, when the title was obtained by Nicolas de Harlay, Lord of Sancy and Superintendent of Finances to King Henry IV.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1594, the Château d’Agnou was also called the Château du Hagnou or de Balagny. It owed its conception to Nicolas de Harlay, who wished to build a residence appropriate to his rank. It is likely that even Henry IV spent time there between hunting expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The marshes of the Bout d’Agnou area were drained in order to begin construction. Although the only actual result of the project was a single wing of the manor, measuring about 60 meters (200 feet), and a dovecote tower for keeping pigeons, the baron had much more ambitious plans. He wanted to build an immense quadrilateral structure flanked by four round towers.</p><br>
<p>Through his marriage to Marie Moreau on February 15, 1575, Nicolas de Harlay acquired the land of Grosbois in 1596 and began the construction of another manor there in 1597, which could explain why he never completed the first one.</p><br>
<p>The baron’s heirs were unable to retain ownership of the Château d’Agnou, which was sold in 1638 to Claude de Bullion, Superintendent of Finances and Keeper of the Seals of France.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the French Revolution, the Château d’Agnou belonged to the Marquis de Boisse, who took the road to exile, leaving his manor to the vandalism of the revolutionaries. The ruins were sold in 1793 to Nicolas-François Fréret and finally recovered by the marquis in 1812.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, it belonged to the Maule Plainval family, and then to the Balagnys in 1876.</p><br>
<p>Used as a convalescent home during the First World War and occupied by the German Wehrmacht during the Second, it was left vacant through the 1960s. During the 1970s, it found new ownership and was gradually restored to its image of the 16th century. Today the property is under private co-ownership.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, it was used during the filming of Hugo Santiago’s Écoute voir... (See Here My Love) starring Catherine Deneuve.</p><br>
<h2>Dovecote</h2><br>
<p>A 16th-century construction, the manor’s dovecote is a high cylindrical stone tower that has over 3,200 pigeon holes, which can hold over 6,000 pigeons. It is thus one of the largest in the region of Paris and one of the oldest in France. The nobility’s privilege of raising pigeons was abolished in 1790 and the dovecote was vacated.</p><br>
<p>Today it houses owls and a family of kestrels.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The vast manor gardens, open to the public via paths and footbridges, included a vegetable garden, a fishpond, a greenhouse, a lake, and even an artificial island and cave. The gardens have since all but disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The single 60 m (200 ft) wing, partly reconstructed in the 17th century, possesses a regular façade crowned by gable windows with triangular pediments. Groin vaults can be observed on the ground floor, and a stone staircase descends into the gardens.</p><br>
<p>The dovecote tower, a corner structure separate from the manor, has a balcony whose corbeled parapet replicates the small defensive openings in medieval castle walls, known as machicolation.</p><br>
<p>Similar architectural features from the late 16th century can also be found at Ormesson and Grosbois.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Ice Field is near the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on the west slope of the peak. The Northern Ice Field and Eastern Ice Fields were connected to the Southern Ice Field and formed part of a continuous body of glacial ice atop Mount Kilimanjaro when first scientifically examined in 1912. By 1962 the Southern Ice Field separated from the Northern Ice Field and then by 1975 the Eastern Ice Field did as well. In 1912, the glaciated areas atop Mount Kilimanjaro covered 11.40 km&sup2 by 2011 this had been reduced to 1.76 km&sup2, an 85 percent loss. At one time, ice flowing off the Northern Ice Field fed numerous glaciers, including, north to south, the Credner, Drygalski, Great Penck and Little Penck Glaciers.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Ice Field is the largest body of ice remaining on Mount Kilimanjaro, with an area of 0.95 km&sup2, when measured in 2007. During the exceptionally cold period known as the Younger Dryas, which occurred approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years BP (between 10,800 and 9500 BC), Mount Kilimanjaro may have been ice-free. While conditions during the Younger Dryas were cold enough to support ice, it was also exceptionally dry, so much so that the region where Mount Kilimanjaro is located was semi-desert. Ice core samples taken from the Northern Ice Field date only from the end of the Younger Dryas and have been dated at 11,500 years. Dust deposits in the ice core samples coincide with periods of suspected warming conditions such as the Medieval Warm Period (1000–1270 AD). The ice cores also indicate that during the Little Ice Age (1270–1850 AD), the Northern Ice Field and other glaciated areas on Mount Kilimanjaro likely expanded; this was due to not just to cooling temperatures, but also a wetter climate. Ice cores drilled into the Northern Ice Field in 2000 went through the glacier to bedrock, a total distance of just over 50 m.</p><br>
<p>The current state of retreat of the glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro has been attributed to both warmer and drier conditions than were present during the Little Ice Age. Tropical glaciers tend to be more greatly impacted by moisture than those found in the mid-latitudes or polar zones and drier conditions can lead to higher percentages of glacial loss due to the higher amount of radiational heating in tropical zones, though most of the tropical glacial loss is still primarily attributed to a warming climate.</p><br>
<p>This pattern of retreat is not anticipated to change and most if not all the ice on top of Mount Kilimanjaro may be gone by 2040. Since 1984, the Northern Ice Field developed a hole near its center point which by 2003 had opened into a canyon exposing rocks for the first time in 11,000 years. By 2011, the Northern Ice Field had split in two.</p><br>
<p>SS Arrow was built by Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Baltimore, Maryland in 1948 as the tanker Olympic Games. Renamed the Sea Robin in 1960 and finally to Arrow in 1962, the ship was a Liberian-registered tanker. At 551.2 feet  in length, 68.3 feet  in width, and a draft of 29.9 feet , she was an enlarged version of the standard American wartime tanker design and one of the oldest tankers in the fleet of Aristotle Onassis, owned by the Sun Navigation Company. It remains the most significant oil spill off Canada’s East Coast  Only the MV Kurdistan comes close when that vessel spilled about 6,000 tons of oil after breaking apart just south of Cabot Strait on March 15, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Accident and loss</h2><br>
<p>Arrow took on approximately 16,000 tons (10 million litres) of bunker C oil in Aruba, off the coast of Venezuela under charter to Imperial Oil Limited, bound for the Stora paper mill in Point Tupper, Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>On February 4, 1970 in Chedabucto Bay, off the east coast of Nova Scotia in a gale and only 14.6 nautical miles from her destination, she ran hard aground on Cerberus Rock, a known, well-charted hazard to navigation. The tanker ran aground mid-morning, halfway between high and low tide, being driven by 60 knot southwesterly winds and blinded by a heavy mist. The impact drove the forward section of the tanker onto the rock formation wedging it with the starboard side hard against the rock pinnacle. Efforts to free her from the rock failed as did efforts to pump her cargo into salvage vessels and pounded by wind and wave action broke in two on February 8, 1970 spilling about two-thirds of her cargo. The subsequent inquiry revealed that Arrow&#39;s depth sounder had not been operational for two months, her autogyro compass showed a permanent error of three degrees west and her radar failed about an hour before she ran aground.</p><br>
<p>The crew was taken off the vessel late into the night on February 4, 1970. After four days of rough seas and weather pounding the vessel against the rock, the deck plates and side plating began to buckle. On February 8, 1970 the tanker split into two sections. Both the stern and bow sections sank in an upright position and little damage was done to the storage tanks and cargo hold in the stern section. Of the ships 30 cargo tanks, only 9 tanks remained intact after the vessel sank, all of which were located in the stern section of the tanker. Salvage operations began in the end of February 1970 to pump all of the remaining Bunker C out of the tanks which remained intact. After deployments consisting of 22 days all together, all remaining Bunker C was removed by April 11, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>The Spill</h2><br>
<p>On February 5, 1970 a mile long oil slick had formed and was heading for Cape Breton Island, the northern side of the bay. Small aircraft attempted to disperse the oil dropping a chemical dispersant known as COREXIT on the spill, but this failed. The oil spread and washed ashore on many beaches in the bay. In a week’s span, the oil spread to occupy 75 miles of beachheads and threatened to spread even further. In the end the oil spill claimed 190 miles of shoreline and some amount of pollution still remains to day eating away at the local environment. The clean-up took months to complete. The pollution caused by the spill handicapped the fishing industry in the bay. Studies were performed on the pollution by testing local fish and crustacean life in the bay. Fisherman were catching lobsters and fish completely coated in Bunker C. The Fisheries Research Board of Canada performed a series of experiments in May 1970 to evaluate the cleanliness of the aquatic life in the bay. They came up with a series of rules for the commercial fishing business to abide by for the health of humans consuming their products. In all aspects the cost of cleaning the spill and the cost of the environmental impact cost the local government millions.</p><br>
<h2>Removal of Remaining Bunker C</h2><br>
<p>As preparations began to pump the oil from the sunken tanker, the Curb, a salvage barge from New York, was dispatched to help assist with pumping the remaining fuel out of the cargo tanks. In preparation for the Curb Royal Canadian Navy divers performed tests with equipment that would be used to penetrate the tanks on the Arrow and attach hose fittings so the fuel could be pumped out of the tanks. The challenge was the fuel had to be heated before it could be pumped out. The Curb was equipped with special steam pumps so steam could be pumped down into the tanks to heat the Bunker C. After the fuel was pumped out of the cargo tanks, the fuel was transferred to the Irving Whale, an oil transfer barge. Because of limited capacity on the Irving Whale assisting with the removal of Bunker C and intermittent weather foul conditions, the whole operation was completed in three phases totaling over 22 days. Over 36,924 barrels of Bunker C fuel was recovered from the sunken vessel over the three deployments. The load was split between the Irving Whale and the smaller Imperial Cornwall. On conclusion of the operation, both the Irving Whale and the Imperial Cornwall were towed to Halifax where the oil was unloaded. Irving Whale would become the subject of another oil spill on 7 September 1970 when she sank in the Gulf of St. Lawrence between Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands.</p><br>
<h2>The Wreck</h2><br>
<p>At present the wreck still rests alongside Cerberus Rock split into two sections. On August 28, 2015 a Transport Canada aircraft spotted an oil leak in the vicinity of the wreck and closer inspection revealed a crack in one of Arrow&#39;s decks. A patch was installed in October which would allow more time for a plan to pump out the remaining oil.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, cleanup crews successfully removed 30,000 litres of oil from the wreck.</p><br>
<p>Perry House is a heritage-listed office building at 167 Albert Street , Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Claude William Chambers and built from 1911 to 1923 by Thomas Keenan. It is also known as Royal Albert Apartments. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Perry House was designed in 1910 by Claude William Chambers to house the business of Perry Brothers, whose hardware firm had been in operation in Brisbane since 1860. William Perry, father of the Perry brothers – Herbert and George – was a prominent Brisbane businessman. Before the construction of the building, the Perry brothers had operated a wholesale outlet in Queen Street. They were to expand their operation at Perry House, as every floor of the building was occupied with their business activities and storage of their goods.</p><br>
<p>Charles William Chambers was a prominent Brisbane architect of the time. He trained in Melbourne and worked in Sydney, before joining Francis Drummond Greville Stanley in Brisbane and establishing his own firm in 1889. His several partnerships between 1889 and 1935 produced designs for both Brisbane and Sydney including commercial buildings, warehouses and wharf buildings. Lange Leopold Powell, another notable Brisbane architect, joined Chambers in a partnership in 1911 and managed the construction of Perry House. Thomas Keenan, the builder, had a long career in Brisbane from 1886 to 1923.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Perry House occupied a considerable period of time, beginning in 1911 and not reaching completion until early 1913. Frequent strikes appear to have slowed progress. Perry House was the highest building in Brisbane on its completion and its construction was followed with great interest by the Brisbane community. An extra storey, designed by Powell, was added in 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the building underwent a major redevelopment and was opened as the Royal Albert Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Originally an eight storeyed, timber frame brickwork construction in the Federation warehouse tradition, this building is set on a two storey podium of cement render. Plain brick piers, linked at each floor level by recessed horizontal bands of cement render, rise from above the podium. The corner piers are extended to block-like turrets above the roof line. The original plain brick parapet bore the name "Perry Bros. Ltd.". This was removed in 1923 to make way for the addition of another storey between the turrets. The present parapet above the additional storey bears the name "Perry House". The strong straight lines of the piers are relieved at both podium and turret levels by the use of arch and keystone elements. Bands of cement render on the turrets and upper storey provide an intensified echo of the banded effect on the main body of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building presents an integrated exterior, with little alteration except for the addition of the upper storey, minor modifications to the ground floor facade and the addition of a street awning with pressed metal ceilings. Major internal work on each floor has concealed the timber frame, with beams above lowered ceilings and columns encased.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Perry House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates the evolution of a method of merchandising where retailing firms grew into large wholesaling enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The robust qualities of the lower floors, the simplicity of the materials, verticality of design and accentuation of the corners combine to give a landmark quality to the building which exhibits particular aesthetic qualities valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates a high degree of technical achievement for the period 1910/13 as an example of a very tall building in a timber framed construction method which was obsolescent by this period.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has strong association with:</p><br>
<p>the prominent hardware merchandising firm Perry Brothers who commenced business in Brisbane in 1860</p><br>
<p>the commercial work of architects CW Chambers and Lange Powell whose contributions to the commercial buildings of Brisbane are significant.</p><br>
<p>The Greenwood Cattle Pound is an animal pound located on Greenwood Road, 0.3 mi east of Maine State Route 219 in Greenwood, Maine. Completed in 1836, the roughly square stone structure is a reminder of the town&#39;s agrarian past. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Greenwood was settled in the late 19th century and incorporated in 1816, roughly organized around three large land grants. It was an agricultural area, and like many of the period, the issue of stray livestock was a significant one. In 1835, the town voted to approve the construction of an animal pound "forty feet Square inside", with walls "five feet high with A Wooden Cap piece, well hewed and well put on&quot this structure was apparently complete the following year. The site selected was located just north of what was then the civic center of the town. Greenwood City, as that area was known, was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1862, and the economic and civic focus of the town shifted to Locke Mills, where textile mills and the railroad were located. The pounds importance declined after the invention of barbed wire made the fencing of pasturage economically feasible, and no pound masters are recorded after 1871. Greenwoods agrarian economy started to give way to recreational activities around the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The pound as seen today consists of stone walls roughly in a square, set near the road and surrounded on the other three sides by woods. The northern and western walls are both 44 ft, while the eastern wall is 45 ft and the southern one is 42 ft. The walls are constructed out of random fieldstone, mostly granite, and its interior walls were dressed. They were originally constructed to be 5 ft wide at the base, tapering down to 2.5 ft at a height of 5 feet. Slumping and collapse of some of the wall sections has lowered the wall height and increased its width. There are holes at intervals, indicating where posts were located to support the wooden cap. The entrance to the pound is at the south end of the west wall. There is no indication of a gate; a stone that probably served as a lintel over the opening rests against the wall nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Caves in the district of Maros are located in Bantimurung district , South Sulawesi, Indonesia. They contain paintings from the paleolithic and also the oldest hand stencil worldwide.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Caves in the district of Maros are a cave complex, where prehistoric finds were made. The whole complex is also called "Prehistoric place Leang-Leang" – the name stems from the Makassarese language. The various caves - named Pettae, Jane, Saripa, Jarie, Karrasa, and so on - consist of limestone. They are located 12 km from the town of Maros and 30 km from the city of Makassar. The entrance to the caves is located 30 m above a rice field, accessible by ladder.</p><br>
<p>A hand stencil in the Leang Tempuseng cave seems to be the oldest worldwide and is estimated to be about 39,900 years old. The depiction of a babirusa is also located in this cave. It is estimated to be 35,400 years old. The art works were examined with the help of the Uranium-Thorium method of the sintering on the paintings.</p><br>
<p>Inside the entrance of the Pettakare cave, on the roof, are 26 red and white hand prints, they are not dated, yet. Primitive stencils of human hands, the white prints were executed by "placing the hand up against the wall and then blowing a mixture of red ochre and water around them, leaving a negative image on the rock". The red hand prints could have been produced by immersing the hand in a solution tinted red from "chewed-up foliage". The hand prints face both left and right. Some are missing a thumb; it was common practice to cut off a finger when an elder died. According to an official with the Makassar Center for Cultural and Heritage Preservation, the palm of the hand was believed to have power to ward off "evil forces and wild animals", thus protecting the people who lived inside the cave. In addition to the hand prints, a roughly half-meter (two-foot) long painting of a red hog deer is in the middle.</p><br>
<p>Pettakare cave&#39;s large room has several small niches, presumed to have been sleeping places for the people who lived there. The cave has a temperature of 27 &deg;C during the daytime.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves have been known and used by the local people for a long time. Dutch archaeologists began digging at nearby caves during the 1950s, but Pettakare cave was first examined by British archaeologist Ian Glover in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Scientific examinations conducted in 2011 estimated that the hand stencils and animal painting on the walls were between 35,000 and 40,000 years old. The age of the paintings was estimated through analysis of small radioactive traces of uraniam isotopes present in the crust that had accumulated on top of the paintings. The hand paintings are at least as old as cave paintings in Europe, such as those at the Cave of El Castillo (Spain) and Gorham&#39;s Cave (Gibraltar).</p><br>
<h2>Future plans</h2><br>
<p>In October 2014 the Indonesian government promised to "step up" the protection of ancient cave paintings, and announced plans to place all the caves in Sulawesi on the nations official "cultural heritage" list, as well as apply for inclusion on UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<p>Lymore, or Lymore House or Lodge was demolished in 1931. It stood in Lymore Park, one mile ESE of Montgomery. The house was a large half-timbered house built by Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Chirbury, c. 1675, to replace the family residences in Montgomery Castle and Black Hall in Montgomery. The House, which had been uninhabited but maintained for many years, was used for an event in 1921, when one of the floors collapsed with disastrous consequences, resulting in demolition in 1931. The Earls of Powis still own and maintain the park. The park includes the grounds of the Montgomery Cricket Club, which is the oldest cricket pitch in Montgomeryshire. Offa&#39;s Dyke forms the eastern boundary of the park.</p><br>
<h2>General description</h2><br>
<p>Today, the site of Lymore Hall is overgrown, with the walled garden filled with trees. On the North side, the Gardeners Cottages, shown on a survey of 1775, still stands. On the West side stands the Lymore Farmhouse (the former Steward&#39;s or Bailiff’s House) which was originally attached to the main house. It incorporates much early brick. On the W, the site is partly encircled by three large ornamental lakes, probably late 17th century, though the Middle Pool, traversed by a causeway is now dry. Opposite, on the Middle Pool are the stone walls of a curious ‘fortified’ farmyard (either a folly, or for militia training) and a Georgian brick farmhouse. There was also a mill building (later converted to a water driven sawmill), which was part of the ornamental setting (cf Mill at Dunham Massey, Cheshire) with gardens on the E side. Elsewhere, more elements of the hunting park layout can be observed, with Fox Coverts and Decoy Ponds with a hut in wood to S and another possible decoy pond in Bronyhall wood. Throughout the parkland there are numerous old oaks. The tree ring-evidence from a recently felled example suggests that they were planted in the late 17th century. A letter from Lord Chirbury in 1673 mentions that he intended to sow the frith with nuts and acorns for a perpetual stock of fuel</p><br>
<h3>The Montgomery Cricket Club</h3><br>
<p>The cricket pitch is to the NE of the house. The earliest recorded match on the Lymore pitch was on 17 September 1847 between eleven gentlemen of Montgomery and eleven of Newtown. After this the club became established and in 1882 a match was played between A United All England Eleven 22 of Montgomery. The Montgomery team won by 62 runs in a two-innings match. In the 1970s the original wooden pavilion was replaced by the present brick pavilion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The park before Lymore was built</h3><br>
<p>The earliest features, revealed by excavation and aerial photography, are the medieval causeway on the N side of the park, which continues to the Hollow Way going to the Rhydywiman ford in the river Severn, which would have linked with the Trystllywelyn causeway on the other side of the Severn. This would have been a major routeway into Wales before the foundation of the town of Montgomery. A slightly later feature is a possible Deserted Medieval Village, which may have been a vill of Chirbury Priory, with a large area of ridge and furrow cultivation. The creation of the Park at Lymore, would have taken place after the Herberts acquired the lands of Chirbury Priory in the late 16th century</p><br>
<h3>Building history</h3><br>
<p>The house was a large and late half-timbered house built by Edward, third Lord Herbert of Chirbury, c. 1675 (date on a gable finial but not finished until 1677, a year before Lord Herbert’s death) to replace the New Building in the outer bailey of Montgomery, and possibly his other house Plas Llysen or Llysun, which was set in his other Montgomeryshire park at Llanerfyl. The house had a close-studded frontage, with an open three-bay loggia on the ground floor, six gables, and, rising from the centre, a pyramid-roofed look-out tower. This lookout tower can be compared with the stair-turret lookout at Plas Mawr, Conwy and a very similar tower on Oak House West Bromwich.</p><br>
<p>A series of letters between Edward Herbert and his agent Roger Jones provides a fairly detailed outline of the building work that was taking place. In the first letter Lord Chirbury is undecided whether to re-build at Black Hall, below the Castle at Montgomery or at Lymore. He, however, decides to have 300,000 bricks fired at the estate brickyard (this would have been at the Stalloe brickyard to the N E of Montgomery). He then acquires more land at Lymore and proceeds with demolishing "Powells" house to use for timber for Lymore. There is then a detailed account of the construction work and particularly alterations to the staircase. It has been speculated that the staircase, which, in 1931, was removed to Aldborough Hall in Yorkshire, came from the New Build, in Montgomery Castle, but this is unsubstantiated. Although Lymore is thought primarily as being a timber framed house, a huge quantity of bricks were used in the extensive kitchen and service wing that lay to the south. This was pulled down after 1795. Early bricks were also used in the walled garden and the Stewards house which was reconstructed in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The earliest drawing of Lymore is dated July 1684, when it was sketched by Thomas Dineley, who was accompanying the Duke of Beaufort on his progress through Wales. Interestingly, the north frontage of the house was shown with six gables. A survey of the valuation of Lands belonging to the Earls of Powis in 1785 shows the house with eight gables. The house was drawn by Moses Griffiths for Thomas Pennant in 1775, during his tour of Montgomeryshire and Shropshire. Thomas Pennant intended to re-publish this tour and in 1794/5 he commissioned three further watercolours of Lymore from John Ingleby, which are now in a collection in the National Library of Wales. These watercolours add greatly to our knowledge of Lymore and particularly for details of the brick service range to the south of the timber framed reception areas of Lymore Hall. An extensive reconstruction of Lymore must have taken place in the early years of the 19th century, when the number of gables on the north frontage were reduced to three.</p><br>
<h3>Illustrations by John Ingleby of Lymore 1794/5</h3><br>
<h3>Later history and demolition in 1931</h3><br>
<p>Lymore was only lived in for one year by Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Chirbury and he was succeeded Henry, the 4th Baron, who died in 1691. His widow Lady Catherine continued to live at Lymore until her death in 1714, when the house and estate devolved to Francis Herbert of Dolguog at Penegoes in Montgomeryshire.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 Fletcher Moss in his Pilgrimages to Old Homes, mostly on the Welsh Borders gives a graphic account of being shown round the deserted house by the daughter of the caretaker. He recounts cycling up to the hall amid a herd of grand Herefords, some of which looked like weighing a ton, and by a picturesque saw-mill where great trunks of trees are piled up. He remarks that the oak in this house is wonderful. All the floors in the house are waxed and polished, but the panelling, doors and other oaken work is simply dusted. He noted that the house was well kept, some of the old furniture was still there, and that fires were lit during the winter to keep the house warm. Lady Powis had had a picnic tea there the previous day and Lord Kitchener was shortly to come for a shoot. In 1907 the house was recorded in Country Life and in 1909, the future King George V came to Lymore as the guest of the Earls of Powis for a shooting party.</p><br>
<p>The end of Lymore was heralded in August 1921, when the floor of the Banqueting Hall dramatically collapsed in the course of a church bazaar. This was graphically described at great length in the Montgomeryshire Express and Radnor Times of Tuesday 9 August 1921. It was reported that there was a considerable congestion of people near the main entrance … suddenly without any audible promontory symptoms, a knot of guest were observed to disappear outright. 17 people had disappeared, nearly 12 feet below, into a stone vault. The Earl of Powis was at the time talking to the Rector of Montgomery, and he disappeared with the lady journalist from the Montgomeryshire County Times, while the Rector remained above. Fortunately, no-one was badly injured although some people were badly shaken.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the Earl of Powis decided that he could no longer afford the cost of maintenance and offered the house through the Office of Works to the Nation. The Earl also offered the house to anyone for a £1 to anyone who would put it in order. The house was then surveyed by the architect A B Waters and his report in the Montgomeryshire Collections provides detailed plans and elevations of the house, as it stood. The furnishings and fittings of the House were then offered for sale at an auction on the 25th October 1929 by the Estate department of Harrods. A last minute offer of £10,000 was made by the National Trust through the Office of Works to preserve the house for the Nation, but the Office of Works did not consider that this was a sufficient sum for the repair work, so the sale went ahead. This was followed on the 20th May 1931 by a sale of the structural elements of the house. A fine carved staircase with diamond-rusticated newels had already been removed to Aldborough Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire. Much of the other timber was purchased by Kenneth Hutchinson-Smith, an architect/builder from Wolverhampton, where it was used for building mock, Tudor houses.</p><br>
<h3>The gardens and pools</h3><br>
<p>On the W the site is partly encircled by three large ornamental lakes, probably late 17th century, though the Middle Pool, traversed by a causeway is now dry. Opposite, on the Middle Pool are the stone walls of a curious ‘fortified’ farmyard (is this a folly or was it for training the militia?) and a Georgian brick farmhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Arnold C J & Reilly P (1986) Archaeological Investigations at Lymore Park, Montgomery Collections, vol. 74, 73-78</p><br>
<p>Cadw (1999) Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales: Powys. Cardiff</p><br>
<p>Country Life Magazine March 7, 1908, Main Feature on Lymore in Montgomeryshire, The Seat of the Earl of Powis.</p><br>
<p>Dineley T. (Intro. R W Banks), (1888), The Account of the Official Progress of his Grace Henry...Duke of Beaufort (Lord President of the Council in Wales and Lord Warden of the Marches) through Wales in 1684 Blades, East and Blades, London.</p><br>
<p>Higham R & Barker P (2000) Hen Domen, final Report, Exeter Univ Press, 151-157, especially fig 6.9</p><br>
<p>Lloyd, T.,(1986) The Lost houses of Wales, p. 41.</p><br>
<p>Musson C, (2011) Montgomeryshire Past and Present from the Air, The Powysland Club, 27, Col. Plate</p><br>
<p>Pryce T E (1885), Montgomeryshire Collections, vol18, 155-168.</p><br>
<p>Smith J., (1968) Herbert Correspondence, Board of Celtic Studies, UWP</p><br>
<p>Scourfield R and Haslam R, (2013) Buildings of Wales: Powys; Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire and Breconshire, 2nd edition, Yale University Press, p. 133-134.</p><br>
<p>Peter Smith,(1988) Houses of the Welsh Countryside, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 2nd edition.</p><br>
<p>Ann and John Welton (2003), The Story of Montgomery Logaston Press, 2nd revised edition 2010</p><br>
<p>The Double Butte Cemetery is the official name given to a historic cemetery in Tempe, Arizona. The cemetery was founded in 1888 on the baseline of the Double Butte Mountain for which it is named. It is the final resting place of various notable pioneers of the City of Tempe. The cemetery, which is located at 2505 W. Broadway Rd., is listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register Designation #46. The pioneer section of the cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 2013, reference #13000020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Many interments, where the present cemetery is located, had already occurred before the official establishment of the cemetery. This fact prompted a group of citizens to form a group called, "Tempe Cemetery Association". The Tempe Cemetery Company, officially established the cemetery on September 13, 1887. The property was donated by Niels Peterson in 1888. Peterson himself was buried there until 1923, when he was exhumed and re-interned in the property where his historic house is located. The location was chosen not only because of its seclusion, since it is situated several miles from the town (Tempe was not considered a "city" at the time) limits, but because the buttes served as a prominent geographical marker. The officers of the Tempe Cemetery Company formed the first corporate entity to administer the cemetery. The first section to be professionally developed by the Tempe Cemetery Company, was the “Pioneer Section” located adjacent to earlier, pre-1897 burials.</p><br>
<p>For the next decade, Double Butte grew to become Tempe’s primary burial place. The economic situation in the 1920s and 30&#39;s also had its effects on the cemetery. The Tempe Cemetery Company was in dire financial straits, and the cemetery itself suffered immensely as a result. Many of the graves were sunken and the area around them, such as the trees and grass, began to die because of lack of water and care.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, the City of Tempe assumed the obligations to operate the cemetery. After sixty years of private, volunteer-organization management, the Tempe Double Butte Cemetery fell under the administration by the City of Tempe. It remains under city ownership and administration to this day.</p><br>
<p>The Double Butte Cemetery is the final resting place of "Charles Trumbull Hayden" (founder of Tempe); "Carl T. Hayden" (Arizona senator, 1927-1969); Dr. "Benjamin Baker Moeur" (Arizona governor, 1932-1936); "John Howard Pyle" (Arizona governor, 1950-1954) and USA Congressman "John Robert Murdock". It is also the final resting place of eleven of Tempe&#39;s mayors and of many prominent citizens who quietly played their own respective roles in the community’s evolution over the past century and whose houses are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is located at 2505 W. Broadway Rd. and covers 17 acres (6ha 8796.6m² hectares). It was listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register Designation with the number 46 in 2012. The pioneer section of the cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 2013, reference #13000020. It is divided into 31 sections. The pioneer sections are listed by letters A to G and the other sections are listed by numbers 1 to 12 and 14 to 23. Then there are the Sunrise Section, which is a lawn covered section; the Sunset Section, which is at the base of the butte next to the Memorial Gardens and the Memorial Gardens section, for the interment of cremated remains.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable people who are listed here are the founder of Tempe, two Arizona governors, a United States Senator, a United States Congressman, 5 mayors of Tempe and various prominent pioneers of Tempe.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer section A</p><br>
<p>Curtin “Curt” W. Miller (1864-1943). Miller served as Mayor of Tempe from (1922-1924). He is buried in Sec. A.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer section B</p><br>
<p>Margaret Cummins (1853-1930) and Aaron Cummins (1840-1919). The Cummins were pioneers who acquired the undeveloped lot 10 of block 1 of the Farmers Addition in 1908. There the family built a house which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Cummins are buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Josephine Frankenberg (? – 1949). Frankenberg was a nurse who nursed many victims of the Great Influenza epidemic of 1918, back to health. In 1919 she purchased a house which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Josephine Frankenberg house. She lived in the house until her death in 1949. Frankenberg is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Clyde Harlen Gililland (1899-1968). Gililland served as Mayor of Tempe from (1960-1951). He is buried in Sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Fenn John Hart (1859-1935). Dr. Fenn John Hart was the first Mayor of Tempe. He served as such from 1894 to 1896. Hart is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Charles Trumbull Hayden (1825-1900). Hayden was the founder of the city of Tempe and the Arizona State University. He is the father of USA Senator Carl T. Hayden. He is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Carl Trumball Hayden (1877- 1972). Hayden was the first United States Senator to serve seven terms. He served as Arizona’s first representative for eight terms before entering the Senate, Hayden set the record for longest serving member of the United States Congress more than a decade before his retirement from politics. He is buried in sec. B-53.</p><br>
<p>Cyrus Grant Jones (?-1926). After Jones moved to Tempe he became the first president of the Tempe National Bank. Jones is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>John Knight (1854-1904). Knight served as Mayor of Tempe from (1897-1902). He is buried in Sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Albert E. Miller (1859-1909). Albert was the son of Tempe pioneer Winchester Miller. He was a founding member of the Tempe National Bank. Miller is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>Winchester Miller (?-1893). Miller was a pioneer who made his home in Tempe. He was a former soldier in the Confederate Army of the United States who moved to Arizona after the American Civil War ended. Within a few years he had one of the most prosperous farms in the Valley. He was president of the Tempe Irrigating Canal Company and served as Maricopa County Sheriff in the 1870s and 80s. He was also a trustee of the Tempe School District # 3. Miller is buried in sec. B.</p><br>
<p>James T. Priest (1835-1903). Priest established the first farm in the western area of Tempe. He was actively involved in the development of Tempe. Priest was one of the donors that helped purchase land for a site for the Territorial Normal School in 1885. He also helped raise money to build the towns St. Mary&#39;s Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer section C</p><br>
<p>Charlotte Josephine Mullen Goodwin (1884-1973). Charlotte was a pioneer and widow of Garfield Abram Goodwin. Her house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. She is buried in sec. C.</p><br>
<p>Garfield Abram Goodwin (1880-1944). In 1907, Goodwin owned a curio store which was located in a building which he built in Mill Ave. and which is known as the Goodwin Building. He served in various civil service positions in Tempe such as head of the Tempe Beach Committee, Secretary of the Arizona State teachers College Board of Education and as mayor of Tempe from 1924 to 1926. Goodwin is buried in sec. C.</p><br>
<p>Lowell Edward Redden (1865-1944). Redden was a pioneer and farmer in Tempe. His house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. He is buried in sec. C-1.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer section D</p><br>
<p>Charles Henry Waterhouse (1861-1952). Waterhouse, together with Estmer W. Hudson, introduced in Arizona the new Egyptian cotton, commonly known as Pima cotton. In 1912, he was elected president of Salt River Valley Cotton Growers Association. In 1914, he helped organize the Tempe Cotton Exchange and built Tempe’s first cotton gin He was also the president of the Arizona Cotton Growers Association from 1915 to 1919. He is buried in Sec D.</p><br>
<p>Columbus H. Gray (1833-1905) and Mary A. Gray (1846-1936). The Grays were the first permanent settlers on the north side of the Salt River Valley. C.H. Gray was a member of the legislature. Mrs. Gray claimed to have been the first “White” woman in the valley, a claim which was highly disputed by Trinidad Swilling, wife of Jack Swilling the founder of Phoenix. Mrs. Swilling was born in Mexico of Spanish descent. The Swilling’s founded Phoenix in 1867. The Grays moved to Phoenix in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer section E</p><br>
<p>William Wesley Cole (1902-1961). Cole served as Mayor of Tempe from (1937-1948). He is buried in Sec. E.</p><br>
<p>Roy Martin Hackett (1877-1945). Hackett was a pioneer who owned what is now the oldest fired brick building in Tempe. The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, reference #74000458. He is buried in Sec. E.</p><br>
<p>Section 2</p><br>
<p>Hugh E. Laird (1882-1970). Laird was the 12th and 15th elected Mayor of Tempe. He served two terms as such. The first term was from 1928 to 1930 and the second term was from 1948 to 1960. Laird is buried in the sec. 2-4-1.</p><br>
<p>Section 4</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Baker Moeur (1869-1937). Moeur was the 4th Governor of Arizona (Arizona Governor, 1932:.1936). He is buried in sec. 4-283.</p><br>
<p>John Howard Pyle (1906-1987). Pyle was the 9th Governor of Arizona (Arizona Governor, 1950-1954). He is buried in sec. 4-26.</p><br>
<p>Byron Alton Redden (1871-1939). Byron was a rancher and served as zanjero (irrigation canal manager) for 25 years. Redden bought the house, which was built in 1918, in 1920. The house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Redden is buried in sec. 4-12.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Harrison Scudder (1871-1936). The Scudders moved from Indiana to Tempe, Arizona. Benjamin Scudder became a school teacher and eventually was elected to the City Council. Both he and his wife are credited with the development of affordable housing in the region. Two of their houses are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Scudder is buried in sec. 4-1-1.</p><br>
<p>Section 6</p><br>
<p>Don Juan Frankenberg (1873-1952). Don Juan Frankenberg was a member of the pioneer Frankenberg family who were ranchers in the Tempe area in 1888. In 1915 he was selected to experiment with the Pima Long Staple Cotton as part of the program with the Government Experimental Farm at Sacaton, Arizona. Frankenberg was civic-minded, serving as president of Tempe Union High School and as Trustee of the Tempe Board of Education during the 1920s. He is buried in sec. 6-10.</p><br>
<p>Section 7</p><br>
<p>Thanks A. Anderson (1889-1974). Anderson was the vice-president of the Tempe National Bank and served two terms as Mayor of Tempe. The first term was from 1930 to 1932 and the second term from 1934 to 1937. Anderson is buried in sec. 7-9.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Thomas Birchett (1875-1953). Birchett was the director of the Tempe National Bank. He served as Mayor of Tempe from 1912 to 1914. His house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Birchett is buried in sec. 7-9.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Diefenderfer (1873-1954). Diefenderfer was a pioneer in Tempe. He acquired an undeveloped lot in block 5 of the Farmer’s Addition in Tempe. There he built a house which is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. He is buried in sec. 7-8.</p><br>
<p>James Lee Felton (1874-1932). Felton served as Mayor of Tempe from (1926-1928). He is buried in Sec. 7-6-3.</p><br>
<p>Estmer W. Hudson (1881-1972). Hudson was instrumental in developing a local cotton industry. In 1920, the California Department of Agriculture dubbed him the "father of cotton" in Arizona.It was Hudson who experimented with a more durable variety of Egyptian cotton, which was introduced in the region as a more disease-resistant strain than grown in the Southeastern states. By 1916, Hudson had successfully developed a new cotton — Pima, an improved strain of Yuma, produced from a hybrid Egyptian cotton. His house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Hudson is buried in sec. 7-7.</p><br>
<p>Forest Egbert Ostrander (1877-1945). Ostrander served as Mayor of Tempe from 1920-1922. He is buried in Sec. 7-6-8.</p><br>
<p>Section 9</p><br>
<p>John Robert Murdock (1885 - 1972) was a USA Representative from Arizona. He is buried in sec. 9 – 11.</p><br>
<h2>Graves</h2><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The following houses of the interned are listed in the National Register of Historic Places or the Tempe Historic Property Register:</p><br>
<p>The Charles T. Hayden House was built in 1871 and is located at 2000 1 W. Rio Salado Parkway. It is the oldest building in Tempe. It was the residence of Charles Trumbull Hayden and his family. The Hayden family moved out of the house in 1889. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 1984 reference #84000173.</p><br>
<p>The Farmer-Goodwin House was built in 1883 and is located at 820 S. Farmer Ave. in Tempe, Az. The house is one of the best-preserved and unique adobe structures in the state. Hiram Bradford Farmer purchased the house for $3,000 in January 1886. Farmer was the first professor and principal at the Territorial Normal School (now Arizona State University) when it opened in February 1886. The house was later purchased by Garfield A. Goodwin and his wife. Goodwin was a businessman who once served as mayor of Tempe. List in the National Register of Historic Place on December 26, 1972 reference #72000197.</p><br>
<p>The Roy Martin Hackett House was built in 1888 and is located at 401-405 W. 4th St. This building is the oldest fired brick building in Tempe, and perhaps possesses the most original integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association of any territorial commercial building in Maricopa County. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, reference #74000458.</p><br>
<p>The Gov. Benjamin B. Moeur House was in built 1892 and is located at 34 E. 7th Street. The house was owned by Dr. Benjamin B. Moeur who in 1896 was the town&#39;s only full-time physician. He served two terms as governor of Arizona, while still living in this house. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 30, 2012. reference #12000295.</p><br>
<p>The Harrington-Birchett House was built in 1895 and is located at 202 E. 7th Street. The house was built by J.W. Harrington and sold in 1904 to Mattie Birchett. Matties son, Joseph T. Birchett married Guess Eleanor Anderson that same year. He served as Tempes mayor from 1912-1914. Guess was the sister of Honor Anderson Moeur, wife of Arizona Governor Benjamin B. Moeur. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1984 reference #84000716.</p><br>
<p>The Morrow-Hudson House was built in 1904 and is located at 1203 E. Alameda Dr. in Tempe, Az. This house belonged to Estmer W. Hudson was an Arizona pioneer who in 1916, with Charles Henry Waterhouse introduced the new Egyptian cotton, commonly known as Pima cotton. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1984 reference #84000733.</p><br>
<p>The Hugh Laird House was built in 1908 and is located at 821 S. Farmer Ave. in Tempe, Az. The house belonged to Hugh E. Laird a businessman and public servant. Laird career was a registered pharmacist and owner of Laird and Dines Drug Store. He served 12 years as Tempe postmaster and two terms as a representative in the state legislature. He also served a 32-year consecutive seat on the Tempe City Council, 14 of those years as Mayor. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1984 reference #84000726.</p><br>
<p>The Cummins House was built in 1909 and is located at 839 S. Farmer Ave. in Tempe, Az. Aaron and Margaret Cummins acquired undeveloped Lot 10, Block 1 of Farmer’s Addition in May 1908, mortgaged the property in March 1909, and built the house soon thereafter. Listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register.</p><br>
<p>The D.J. Frankenberg House was built in 1915 and is located at 2222 S. Price Road in Tempe, Az. This house was built by Don Juan Frankenberg. Frankenberg and his family were pioneers and ranchers in the Tempe area as early as 1888. In 1915, D. J. Frankenberg built this house for his family on the family homestead. That same year, he was selected to experiment with Pima Long Staple Cotton as part of the program with the Government Experimental Farm (USDA) at Sacaton, Arizona. Cotton farming was successful in the Tempe area until the loss of the market in the 1920s. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 2008 reference #07001333.</p><br>
<p>The Byron Redden House was built in 1918 and is located at 948 S. Ash Ave. in Tempe, Az. The house was built in 1918 by Charles H. Gable, and was bought by Byron Alton Redden in 1920. Byron A. Redden was a successful rancher and served 25 years as a zanjero (irrigation canal manager) for the Tempe Canal Company. Byron A. Redden lived in the house with his wife Ida M. Redden. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1984 reference #84000738.</p><br>
<p>The Lowell Redden House was built in 1920 and is located at 333 E. Carver St. The property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1985, reference Number 85000407.</p><br>
<p>The B.H. Scudder Rental House was built in 1920 and is located at 919 S. Maple Ave. The property which belonged to Benjamin Harrison Scudder was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 7, 1984, reference number 84000740.</p><br>
<p>The Scudder House was built in 1929 and is located at 959 S Ash Avenue. The house belonged to Benjamin Harrison Scudder, a local educator who built several rental houses in the Maple and Ash Avenue area. The property is listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register.</p><br>
<p>The Governor John Howard Pyle House was built in 1938 and is located at 1120 S. Ash Avenue. John Howard Pyle was the 9th Governor of Arizona (Arizona Governor, 1950-1954). The property is listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register.</p><br>
<p>The Diefenderfer House was built in 1939 and is located at 1223 S Farmer Avenue. This one-story masonry house was built with Bungalow influences by Federick and Mary Diefenderfer, a retired couple who acquired the lot in 1939. The property is listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register.</p><br>
<p>The Josephine Frankenberg House was built in 1910 and was originally located at 129 E. University Dr. The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1981, reference #81000138. The house was purchased by Josephine Frankenberg in 1919. Josephine nursed many victims back to health during the Great Influenza epidemic in 1918. She rented rooms on the second floor to boarders, mostly single teachers employed at the Normal School. The house remained in her possession until her death in 1949. It was dismantled and rebuilt at 150 S. Ash Ave in 1992 in Tempe&#39;s Olde Towne Square. Now lacking integrity of location, this property remains eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under National Park Service Criterion B and C. The house is also listed as "Historic" in the Tempe Historic Property Survey.</p><br>
<h2>Associated Tempe properties</h2><br>
<p>The following historic properties are associated with the notable people interred in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Hayden Flour Mill, originally built by Charles T. Hayden in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The historic Laird and Dines Building built in 1893. It served as Hugh E. Laird’s unofficial City Hall during his administration.</p><br>
<p>The Goodwin Building was built in 1907 and is located 514-518 S. Mill Ave. In 1907, Garfield Abram Goodwin completed his building with three commercial bays ─ two rentals and one for his curio store and Wells Fargo Agency. The back of half of the store was furnished as a home for the Goodwin family. The restored Goodwin building remains as the last example of cast-iron facade architecture in Tempe. Goodwin served as mayor of Tempe from 1924 to 1926. On May 06, 1984, the National Park Service (National Register of Historic Places) certified Goodwin Building as a national historic site, and assigned it the reference number 84000710.</p><br>
<p>Tempe National Bank Building built in 1912 (THPR). The Tempe National Bank was established on January 4, 1901, by pioneer Tempe businessmen and agriculturalists. From its establishment in 1901, the bank operated under the control and direction of the community’s most intrepid pioneers., including: Carl T. Hayden, Arizona&#39;s longtime Congressman and Senator; Cyrus Grant Jones, the first president of the Tempe National Bank; and Albert E. Miller, son of Tempe pioneer Winchester Miller, a director of the Tempe Irrigating Canal Company. Thanks A. Anderson, Mayor of Tempe from 1930‐1932 and 1934‐1937, who began his banking career here in 1915 and went on to become branch manager and then vice‐president of the bank. Benjamin Baker Moeur, a physician and businessman in Tempe who served two terms as Governor of Arizona, had his practice in the building.</p><br>
<p>Marlatt’s Garage was built in 1922 and is located at 1249 E. 8th St. The property was built by Clyde Harlen Gililland. Here he established his Gililland Motor Co. Garage business. Gililland served as Tempe’s mayor for one year (1960-1961). Eugene Marlatt owned the property from 1933 until his death in 1981. The property is listed in the Tempe Historic Property Register.</p><br>
<p>The House of Wickersham, also known as the Wickersham State Historic Site, is a historic house at 213 7th Street in the Chicken Ridge area of Juneau, Alaska. It is a historic house museum operated by the state of Alaska, memorializing the life of James Wickersham , an influential political leader in Alaska in the early 20th century. The house, a 2-1/2 story frame structure, was built in 1899 by Frank Hammond, owner of a mining company. It was purchased by Wickersham in 1928 and remained his home until his death. The house has been operated, informally at first by Wickersham&#39;s niece, as a museum since 1958. The house was purchased by the state in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976</p><br>
<p>Windsor State School is a heritage-listed state school at 270 Lutwyche Road, Windsor, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1915 to 1934. It is also known as Windsor Opportunity  School and Windsor State School & Windsor Infants School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 1994.</p><br>
<p>The school celebrated its sesquicentenary (150th anniversary) in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first school building constructed at the Windsor Campus was the Windsor State School, erected in 1915-16 on land acquired by the Queensland Government in 1912 and 1914 as a school reserve. A large, two-storeyed masonry building, it replaced the earlier and vastly overcrowded Bowen Bridge State School (established 1865) opposite (and which was partially damaged by fire in December 1915).</p><br>
<p>The new school was opened officially on Saturday 5 August 1916 by Herbert Hardacre, the Minister for Public Instruction, under the new name of Windsor State School, although the school had actually opened a week earlier. When opened, it was the largest school in the state.</p><br>
<p>Its construction reflected a local population boom, partly an outcome of the extension of the railway line from Mayne to Enoggera via Windsor in 1899 and the consequent closer settlement of the larger estates. In 1904, Windsor was proclaimed a town, incorporating Albion, Wooloowin, Wilston, Windsor, Lutwyche, Newmarket, Swan Hill and portions of Eagle Junction and Kedron.</p><br>
<p>The state school building was designed by Philip Arthur Edwards, a British trained architect working in the Government Architect&#39;s office, for the Queensland Department of Public Instruction. Erected at a cost of £15,154, it was the second largest public works project of 1915, and was one of the largest and most modern brick state schools constructed in Queensland. The building could accommodate 990 pupils at double desks (built in Sydney by EJ Forbes & Son Ltd), and had floorage for 1100 children. Ensuring adequate ventilation was an emphasis of the design.</p><br>
<p>When occupied in 1916, the school had a population of 1000. By 1918 this had grown to 1093, and the old problems of overcrowding had arisen again.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 the school reserve was fenced with timber palings, and the first tennis court (earth surfaced) was constructed by the School Committee.</p><br>
<p>A 30-metre long concrete swimming pool, funded by the School Committee through a bank loan, was constructed in the school grounds in 1925, at a cost of £2,000. In 1926 the dressing sheds were completed and the pool was lit for evening swimming carnivals. It was damaged during a severe storm, but was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Windsor was designated a practising school, where trainees from the Teachers&#39; Training College received classroom teaching experience.</p><br>
<p>By 1927 there were almost 1500 pupils enrolled, and hundreds of students had no permanent classroom. The Works Department prepared plans for a separate infants&#39; school early in 1927, but this did not eventuate until the 1930s. The school population peaked in 1928, with 1,642 pupils. Facilities were so strained that the school rented the verandahs and front room of the Windsor School of Arts Building as temporary classrooms, while a number of verandahs on the school building were being enclosed. The remaining verandahs were enclosed in subsequent years.</p><br>
<p>Between 1931 and 1933, over £8,000 was spent on site improvements, as part of the Queensland Government&#39;s Unemployment Relief Scheme. The grounds were cut and terraced into the three present levels: school; tennis and basketball courts; playing fields.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in 1934, a brick building was erected to the south of the main block, to accommodate the infant grades and relieve pressure on the main classrooms. It cost about £6,600 and was described at the time as a new departure in planning for infant pupils, providing accommodation for 360 school pupils as well as kindergarten classes, in a self-contained block with an extensive concrete play area below. Whether a kindergarten operated from this building in the 1930s is unclear.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, brick extensions were made to the western end of the northern wing of the main building, providing a further four classrooms at a cost of about £6,000.</p><br>
<p>The Second World War caused considerable disruption to school routine. Pupils travelling from a reasonable distance were ordered to attend their closest school; the classroom windows were taped in case of bomb blasts; and the playing fields were zig-zagged with about 366 metres of slit trenches. 1942 National Safety Regulations required that half the children attended school in the morning, and the other half in the afternoon.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1943 the Allied Works Council erected for the United States Navy, large storerooms on the school grounds at the corner of Lutwyche and Constitution Roads, reducing the available playing field area even further. Despite post-1945 attempts by the school authorities to retrieve the lost ground, these stores were used after the war firstly as a Rehabilitation Training Centre, and then to house Education Department supplies. They are not considered of significance to the entry in the Heritage Register for Windsor Campus.</p><br>
<p>The school sustained a strong enrolment well into the post-war years. In 1946 there was an average attendance of 756 pupils in the state school, and 323 in the infants&#39;. However, attendance declined through the 1950s and 1960s, as the young families of the first half of the 20th century grew up and moved to the newer outer suburbs, and the local population aged.</p><br>
<p>With the decline in pupil numbers, changes were made to the school structure. An opportunity school section was opened in the infants&#39; block, and at the beginning of 1967, infants reunited with the older students in the main building, leaving the 1934 building to the opportunity school students.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, Windsor qualified as a Special Program School, the district being considered of declining social and financial climate. By 1980 enrolment had fallen to 300, with a substantial percentage of children from non-English speaking backgrounds. In 1981 a preschool was established in the Harris Street wing of the main building. Since 1984, senior pupils from the special school (formerly the opportunity school) have attended a school at Newstead, and many of the juniors have been integrated into the regular classrooms. Since the mid-1980s, the state school, special school and preschool have been known collectively as the Windsor Campus.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Windsor Campus, located on the eastern slope of Windsor Hill, consists of two masonry school buildings, two toilet blocks and a swimming pool in large treed grounds overlooking Lutwyche Road on the east and bounded by Harris Street on the north and Constitution Road on the south. The main school, a two-storeyed building surrounded by verandahs with an open playspace at the ground level, is situated in the north west corner, the highest part of the site. The single-storeyed Infants&#39; School with partly enclosed area under, is located on the southern side of the main building. Both buildings are constructed with brick walls and timber framed terracotta tiled roofs. A cutting forms the western boundary of the site.The main school building, based on a U-shaped plan arranged around a playground, consists of a northern and southern wing connected at their eastern end by a third wing. Towers with steep bellcast roofs are located in the north east and south east corners, at the junctions between the wings. Each wing, consisting of two levels of classrooms above an open ground floor level, has a gambrel roof extended on two sides to cover the verandahs. The extensive timber verandahs, now enclosed, retain ripple iron ceilings and shingled valances. Movement between the wings is via the continuous verandah which wraps around the playground.</p><br>
<p>The impressive eastern facade of the central wing flanked by its four storeyed stair towers and surmounted by a fleche, sits above the sweeping grounds and is visible from Lutwyche Road. The main entrances are on the eastern faces of the stair towers where wide stairs lead to ornamented arched openings on the first floor level. The uppermost level of the towers have bullseye windows and openings supported by colonettes. The two further sets of stairs on the front elevation lead to the verandah and feature bullseye windows. Rear entrance, from the playground, is via stairs in the north east and south east corners placed at 45 degrees to the facades.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the verandahs on the playground elevations and on the eastern front elevation are three storeyed rendered masonry structures consisting of a single room on each level. These tower-like elements have hipped roofs connecting to the main roof of the adjoining wing.</p><br>
<p>The classroom interiors have high level windows, panelled fibro cement walls, fibro cement ceilings and timber floors. Floor framing is supported on large steel I-beams. Windows in exterior walls have vents above protected by the window awnings. A timber honour board is located on the first floor level of the south wing.</p><br>
<p>The north wing, originally the mirror-reverse of the south, is now twice the length with an internal stair at the western end. Adjacent to this stair on the upper level, an area which connects the two verandahs contains hat and coat racks.</p><br>
<p>Two toilet blocks, single storeyed brick structures with hip roofs, define the North west and south west corners of the playground.</p><br>
<p>The Infants&#39; School is a rectangular building with long elevations facing north to the main building and south across a yard to Constitution Road. Divided into bays which step out from the corners of the building to the centre of each facade, the dark brick walls have contrasting concrete bands at the base and at first floor level and concrete sills. The central bay on the northern and southern facades is surmounted by a gable punctuated by an oculus and has a semicircular arched opening at the base. Brick porches on the eastern and western ends are now enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is via two symmetrically positioned concrete stairs on the southern side of the Infants&#39; School. At the top of the stairs are recessed porches, now enclosed by double glass doors, which open onto entry vestibules. Access to classrooms and offices is via these vestibules and the central corridor which connects them. The corridor, vestibules and porches have concrete floors. The rest of the building has timber floors. Some of the classrooms retain panelled folding partitions between adjoining classrooms. The classrooms are well lit via banks of timber casement windows. Hipped tiled awnings over the windows are supported on timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>An internal concrete stair on the northern side of the western vestibule leads to the ground floor level. Built as an open undercroft, the ground floor is now partly enclosed providing workshop and storage space. Toilets are located under the brick porches.</p><br>
<p>The tiled hipped roof which follows the stepped facade is ventilated by a centrally positioned octagonal fleche and features small gables terminating the main ridge.</p><br>
<p>A series of retaining walls with concrete steps divide the level of the school buildings from the lower part of the grounds. A fenced garden has been created in front of main building. The concrete swimming pool with brick change shed at the eastern end is located on the southern side of the oval. The pool is surrounded by raked timber seating on the other three sides. Mature trees are located throughout the grounds especially along the street frontages.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Windsor State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The buildings of Windsor State School Campus and their functions illustrate changing government attitudes to education requirements over nearly 8 decades. The 1915/1916 school building was built to accommodate the requirements of the most modern of education philosophy in Queensland. Design features include verandah access, an emphasis on natural lighting and ventilation in design, and undercroft playspaces. The 1934 building was purpose-designed to accommodate infant grades, and includes internal circulation, flexible classroom space, and undercroft play area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings of Windsor State School Campus and their functions illustrate changing government attitudes to education requirements over nearly 8 decades.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The wide frontage of the 1916 building with its distinctive towers and elevated position in grounds sweeping down to Lutwyche Road contribute to its prominence as a landmark in the Windsor area. The organisation of this building, articulated into horizontal verandahed wings with attached vertical elements, and the picturesque composition of its facades displaying multiple roof profiles, a mixture of materials including tiles, brickwork, shingles and render, bullseye and arched openings and scenically placed external stairs, associate the school with Arts and Crafts design popular at the time. The 1934 building complements, through its siting and the use of similar materials and decorative motifs, the earlier building. A high quality of construction and detailing characterises both buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>A reflection of changing demographic trends in the Windsor area since it was opened, the school has played an active social and educational role in that community since 1916.</p><br>
<p>Plaza Theatre is a heritage-listed cinema at 163-169 Latrobe Terrace, Paddington, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey, Junior and built from 1929 to by John Hutchinson. It is now known as the Paddington Antiques Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 March 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Plaza Theatre at Paddington was erected by Brisbane contractor John Hutchinson (later J Hutchinson & Sons). Originally commissioned for Greater Brisbane Motion Pictures Ltd and probably designed by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey jnr, the Plaza is a rare early 20th century "atmospheric" theatre in Queensland. Shortly after construction commenced, the Hutchinson family acquired both the building and the land, commencing a long association with the theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 application to Brisbane City Council was made by Greater Brisbane Motion Pictures Ltd of Brisbane for the construction of a new picture theatre at the corner of Collingwood Street and Latrobe Terrace, Paddington (allotments 9-13 of portion 757, parish of Enoggera), to cost £8,000. The architect was recorded as Richard Gailey jnr and the contractor was John Hutchinson. Plans were approved by 22 June 1929.</p><br>
<p>At the time of application, title to the land was still in the names of William Drynan (allots 9-10) and Georgina Blackwell (allots 11-13). Drynans land was transferred to Queensland Talkie Pictures Ltd in December 1931, and following Mrs Blackwells death in August 1931, allots 11-13 passed to the same company in November 1932. Also in November 1932, Queensland Talkie Pictures Ltd took out mortgages on all four allotments from John Hutchinson, who ultimately gained title to allotments 11-13 in 1941, and to allotments 9-10 in 1955. The Hutchinson family understand that before construction was completed, the exhibition company (which they refer to as Associated Pictures) became insolvent and ownership of the building also passed to the contractors.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the Plaza Theatre faced strong competition from at least two rival picture shows in the Paddington-Red Hill district: Stephens New Paddington Theatre on Given Terrace and Red Hill Picture Pops on Enoggera Terrace. Although the Plaza was by no means the first picture theatre in the Paddington district, it was the most ornate, erected in a third wave of picture theatre construction which swept Brisbane suburbs in the late 1920s and 1930s. The proliferation of small suburban picture shows through the 1920s, the introduction of the "talkies" (which necessitated considerable capital investment to acquire sound projection equipment), and the effects of the depression, combined to produce keen competition in suburban film exhibition. Suburban theatres of this period could no longer survive as the open-air venues of the 1910s or the tin sheds of the early 1920s - they had to offer the public something more than just the films. Theatres all over Brisbane either closed, or were remodelled or rebuilt along more substantial, more comfortable and more decorative lines, with the object of capturing local imagination and loyal attendance. Few suburban picture exhibitors, however, could afford to match the opulence of the central city theatres, such as Birch, Carroll and Coyles Wintergarden Theatre (1923–24), or Hoyts Regent Theatre (1929). Interestingly, at the time that Gailey is recorded in mid-1929 as the architect for the Plaza Theatre, he was also the Brisbane supervising architect for the opulent Regent Theatre in Queen Street, designed by Melbourne architect Charles N Hollinshed.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza at Paddington, with its painted blue ceiling resembling the night sky and side niches and painted barley-twist columns suggesting a Spanish courtyard, is the only Brisbane suburban picture theatre identified to date, which can be described as "atmospheric". The term denotes a picture theatre with an interior decor that simulated an exotic outdoor setting. Atmospheric cinemas were popularised in Australia in the late 1920s and early 1930s after the architect for Sydney-based Union Theatres, Henry White, travelled to the United States to study picture theatre design. He looked in particular at the work of American architect John Eberson, who specialised in atmospheric cinemas themed and appropriated from Byzantine, Persian, Spanish, Moorish and Egyptian architecture, which extended theatrical illusion from screen to venue. While the Paddington Plaza was not of the same scale and opulence as the great Australian atmospheric theatres such as Sydneys Capitol (1928 - seating capacity 2900), Perths Ambassadors (1928 - seating 2000) and Melbourne&#39;s State (1929 - seating 3300), the design incorporated the essential elements of the "atmospheric", in that the interior decoration simulated an outdoor venue.</p><br>
<p>It is understood that the Plaza Theatre was designed initially to screen only silent film, but in 1929 synchronised sound and film was introduced to Australia and the Plaza opened as a "talkies" theatre. The seats (capacity 1250 in 1938) were arranged on a single-level raked floor. The Plaza Theatre came to be a popular meeting place for Paddington residents. It was open seven days a week, with serials shown on Monday and Tuesday nights, films and newsreels on other nights, and a matinee programme on Sunday afternoons. On Saturdays, trams reputedly would stop outside the theatre at opening time and wait until the film finished to take patrons home again. Popular films attracted audiences of around 1200, for the movies appealed to all ages. A special soundproofed glass room, called the "cry room", was provided for young mothers and their babies.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza Theatre complex included a group of eight shops/offices fronting Latrobe Terrace either side of the entrance foyer. These premises were occupied soon after completion, and for many years lessees included Harold Louitt&#39;s chemist shop (1930–69), a dressmaker, a grocer and a milkbar. After the movies patrons congregated at the milkbar, which retained its original fittings until refurbished in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The theatre operated successfully until television was introduced to Brisbane in the late 1950s, by which time Plaza audiences were reduced to 20-30 patrons per screening, in an auditorium which by 1960 contained seating for 932 persons. In 1961 the Plaza Theatre ceased to operate as a cinema. A level floor was installed and the building was used for indoor basketball. In 1968 this activity ceased following a court case instigated by a neighbour who complained of the noise. The Plaza remained mostly vacant until 1974 when Hutchinsons moved their offices from West End into the foyer. In 1975 the company underwent a major restructure and moved to new premises. Hutchinsons sold the theatre in 1977 and it currently houses an antiques retailing centre. The shops fronting Latrobe Terrace are still occupied by a variety of tenants, and the complex is still the focus of a small nodal shopping centre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Plaza Theatre is a large and imposing shed-like building prominently located at a bend in the road on Latrobe Terrace in Paddington. Its end walls are constructed of load-bearing masonry that have been rendered in roughcast stucco and the gable roof is clad in corrugated galvanised iron. The gable ends and upper sections of the north wall are finished in fibro-cement sheeting with the lower north wall constructed of concrete with buttresses.</p><br>
<p>The street facade of the building is a series of shops with a deep awning supported by iron tie-back rods. This shopfront area incorporates the entry and foyer of the former theatre, now the entrance to the antique centre as well as six shops, including a jewellers, cafe, second-hand shop and clothing shop. The shopfronts are generally large glass windows framed in silky oak, pairs of recessed entry doors and lower wall sections tiled in glossy black tiles. The awning is lined with fibro-cement sheeting with a geometric pattern of timber strips that are painted black against the cream sheeting.</p><br>
<p>A parapet runs above the awning with an arched feature located above the theatre entry doors decorated with urns and displaying the words "Paddington Antique Centre". The former theatre entry has four pairs of unpainted, silky oak framed glass doors with decorative brass hardware. The foyer area has a floor of "chequerboard" grey and white concrete flagstones and an ornate plaster ceiling decorated with scrolls and deep, moulded cornices. Brass lettering, reading "Paddington Plaza 1929" has been recently inlaid in the floor in an area formerly occupied by the ticket office. An office has been inserted into the south-west corner of the foyer space and a large counter area is in line with this. The foyer is divided from the auditorium space by large glass display cases located between two columns.</p><br>
<p>The former auditorium is a large rectangular space with a vaulted plaster ceiling painted a vivid and intense blue, known as "Reckitt&#39;s Blue". The ceiling paint is patchy and deteriorating, although remnants of painted clouds are discernible. Five lattice ventilation panels are located on both the northern and southern sides of the ceiling and a number of surface-mounted vents are also located on the ceiling. Fluorescent lights are suspended on chains from the ceiling and hang throughout the space, just above the level of the various wall dividers of the antique stalls.</p><br>
<p>The proscenium is located at the eastern end of the auditorium and has a sunken backstage area behind. The proscenium is ornately decorated, styled to give the appearance that it is part of the exterior of a building and is constructed of fibrous plaster. It has faceted columns to either side and is topped with a Spanish-style terracotta tiled roof supported on carved "corbels" with rosettes in between. The columns are painted in vibrant tones of orange, blue, red and yellow and decorated with moulded scrolls of foliage, flowers and urns. A multi-coloured cartouche is located in the centre of the proscenium arch and a velvet valance with gold fringing with the word "Plaza" in gold lettering in the centre hangs within the arch.</p><br>
<p>Angled, ornamental balconies are located either side of the proscenium. On the upper level these feature a balustrade, arches and "barley sugar" columns, at lower level there are arched niches alternating with more columns. All of these areas are decorated with moulded fibrous plaster decoration including egg and dart moulding and scrolls of leaves. These balcony areas have a colour scheme of pale green, white and a pale sandstone colour with touches of metallic bronze which is also incorporated into parts of the proscenium.</p><br>
<p>The rear wall of the auditorium has an upper section of timber lattice, also painted in "Reckitts" blue and there is evidence of where the projection room was originally located, provided by the outline of the room painted in white. A recent exit and stair enclosed in fibro-cement sheeting is located on the north wall to the rear of the building, within the buttresses of the wall. The current timber floor is constructed above the original, raked floor and is supported on timber posts. The floor is at three levels. The rear of the auditorium is at the highest level, the largest middle section is three steps below this and then the backstage section is four steps below this. Toilets are located at a lower level in the backstage area and there is also a wings area on the southern side. A pair of twisted columns with moulded, fibrous plaster decoration is to be found in this area and the room is also painted in "Reckitts" blue. A similar area that was located on the northern side of the proscenium and accommodated a public staircase has now been enclosed with fibro-cement sheeting. The staircase that formerly lead to the downstairs toilets has now been blocked off and the stairway is incomplete. The original toilets are located at the eastern end of the undercroft area but are no longer used.</p><br>
<p>The roof is carried by curved, laminated timber (possibly Oregon) trusses. One of these has been supplemented with a steel truss due to extensive white ant and borer damage. The building is supported on large timber posts of varying heights reflecting the raked floor and the undercroft area has an earth floor. A galvanised iron duct system is located under the floor at the eastern end of the building. A small alleyway from Latrobe Terrace is to be found at the eastern end of the block and a small detached toilet block is located off this alleyway, connected to the building via a small area that has been enclosed with timber battens and fibro-cement sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Paddington Antiques Centre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 March 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Plaza Theatre at Paddington is important in illustrating the pattern of development of suburban cinemas in Brisbane, and in illustrating the evolution of cinemas in Queensland, during the interwar years of the 20th century. It is important also in illustrating the pattern of development of the Paddington district.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare suburban "atmospheric" cinema, and understood to be one of few such theatres constructed in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The theatre and associated shops, the shopfronts in particular, remain substantially intact in form, design, materials and in much of the detailing, from which can be gained an understanding of the expectations brought by interwar film audiences to the experience of cinema viewing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Plaza Theatre, located prominently on the high ridge of Latrobe Terrace, makes a major contribution to the local streetscape and to the Paddington townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Plaza Theatre has strong social significance in its association with the expansion of popular entertainment in the interwar period; in its association with the Paddington community; more recently in its association with the antiques industry in Brisbane; and as a landmark building in Brisbane&#39;s inner western suburbs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its association with independent film exhibition in Brisbane, and for its long association with the Hutchinson family, who are more usually recognised for their contribution to the building industry in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa is a heritage-listed detached house at 251 Lancaster Road, Ascot, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architectural firm Hall and Prentice and was built in 1923. It is also known as Lancaster Gables. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Musket Villa, a single storey, stucco interwar bungalow and the adjoining stables were constructed in 1923 for well-known horse trainer and rider, William "Billy" Booth. Located opposite Eagle Farm Racecourse in Lancaster Road, Musket Villa was designed by prominent Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice and built by contractors Lee and Brickwood.</p><br>
<p>William Booth entered the horse training and racing industry in 1885 when he became an apprentice to John Stone, an early Brisbane horse trainer. During his nine years with Stone, Booth trained and rode many famous horses. His work included breaking-in Grey Gown and training Dundonald who went on to win the treble of St. Ledger, the Brisbane Cup and the Moreton Handicap in 1899.</p><br>
<p>Booth established his own training stables in 1893 and trained and rode horses for several prominent racing identities. He had up to twenty-one horses training at a time and among his successes was Bright Laddie who won the Brisbane 2000 and the Stradbroke Handicap. Booth was also known for his grey pony named Billy who won over 385 ribbons at the Brisbane Show.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 Booth trained and rode the winning horse, Musket, in the Queensland Turf Club Derby. Shortly after, he married Lucy Adelaide and named their newly constructed home on Racecourse Road Musket, in honour of the winning horse. Booth retired from riding following his marriage but continued to train horses.</p><br>
<p>The Booths purchased the land on which the existing Musket stands in 1922. They commissioned architects Hall and Prentice to design a house, stables, garage and sand shed in a similar architectural style. The complex, also named Musket, was completed in 1923 and received high praise in the 1924 publication "Harking Back - the Turf, Its Men and Memories". Through this publication, Booth credited his wife "not only for the idea of its architecture, but also for the tastefulness of its general furnishing". The article described the house as a "red tiled home with its beautiful gardens and lawns every modern appointment and equipment."</p><br>
<p>The stables were designed to accommodate twelve horses and also included rooms, a shower, wash basin and ding room for employees. They were regarded as being amongst the most "up-to-date stables...to be found in Australia", with Booth paying the "fullest attention to the comfort of his employees and his equine charges".</p><br>
<p>The architectural firm of Hall and Prentice was established in 1919 with the partnership of Thomas Ramsay Hall and George Gray Prentice. Hall was one of Brisbanes "most successful architects of the early twentieth century" and the firm designed many prestigious buildings in Brisbane, including Brisbane City Hall, Sandgate Town Hall and the Tattersalls Club. He was involved in racing through Tattersalls and the Queensland Turf clubs, his name is commemorated in the T.R. Hall Handicap.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, William Booth died at the age of 54, leaving Musket to his wife. His death was mourned by the Queensland racing fraternity, members of the Queensland Turf Club, the Tattersalls Club and the Queensland Breeders, Owners and Traders Association. Following Booths death, the stables were leased to William James Shean until when they were converted into four two bedroom flats by Lucy Booth who continued to live in the villa. Lucy Booth died in 1958, leaving Musket to her surviving son, Norman, who lived in the house until his death in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The house now operates as a Bed and Breakfast establishment called Lancaster Gables and the stables continue to function as flats. The garage has been demolished and the site on which it was located (between the house and the stables), has been subdivided with a new residence constructed upon it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Musket Villa, a substantial, multi-gabled residence constructed of timber and rendered masonry in the interwar bungalow style, is located opposite the Eagle Farm Racecourse. It is surrounded by houses and flats of varying ages and styles.</p><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by a high, rough-rendered and brick wall and is accessed by a timber gate located on the corner of the property. A newly paved path follows the line of the original concrete path and new plantings surround the residence.</p><br>
<p>The residence is primarily constructed of timber with a terracotta tiled roof of Marseilles tiles. A wide verandah with Crow&#39;s Ash flooring and a substantial rendered brick and timber balustrade is located across the front elevation and returns halfway around both side elevations. Pairs of rectangular rendered brick piers with red brick detailing are located on either side of the central entrance and at each corner of the verandah. The structure is slightly raised on rendered brick posts and is accessed vis two steps which lead on to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The front and side elevations have multiple gables with strapwork detail to the gable ends. Windows throughout are timber casements, each of which have three bands of coloured glass in the uppermost section.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the house has a centrally located entry hall with panelled walls that opens onto a large combined living and dining room. Bedrooms open from either side of the entry, the one on the western side features an ensuite and a five-sided corner bay. A secondary hall runs at the rear of the living/dining room, with additional bedrooms opening from it. The main bedroom and kitchen are located on the eastern side of the house.</p><br>
<p>Many original features survive throughout the residence, including ebonised timber detailing, leadlight doors, built-in leadlight display cabinets in the living/dining room and entry hall and timber panelling in the entry. Some tongue-and-groove ceilings have been replaced with decorative plaster ceilings and new fittings and fixtures have been installed in the bathrooms and kitchen. The guest rooms are air-conditioned.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Musket Villa was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa is important because of its aesthetic and architectural significance. Designed by prominent Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice in 1923, Musket is an important example of a well composed and skilfully detailed interwar bungalow. The residence retains many original features such as interior timber panelling, leadlight doors and built-in display cabinets, timber windows, light fittings and ebonised timber detailing. These and other features, such as the use of materials like terracotta roof tiles and rendered masonry, demonstrate the key features and principal characteristics of substantial interwar bungalows.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa has social significance to the Queensland racing industry, being an example of a purpose-built stables, training establishment and residence, located in the hub of the racing district of Brisbane. Musket Villa has a special association with racing identity, trainer and jockey, William "Billy" Booth, for whom it was constructed, and with Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice as an example of their domestic work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by prominent Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice in 1923, Musket is an important example of a well composed and skilfully detailed interwar bungalow. The residence retains many original features such as interior timber panelling, leadlight doors and built-in display cabinets, timber windows, light fittings and ebonised timber detailing. These and other features, such as the use of materials like terracotta roof tiles and rendered masonry, demonstrate the key features and principal characteristics of substantial interwar bungalows.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa is important because of its aesthetic and architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa has social significance to the Queensland racing industry, being an example of a horse trainer&#39;s residence which had associated stables and ancillary facilities located in the hub of the racing district of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Musket Villa has a special association with racing identity, trainer and jockey, William "Billy" Booth, for whom it was constructed, and with Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice as an example of their domestic work.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Club is a heritage-listed club house at 206 Edward Street , Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall and Prentice and built from 1925 to 1949. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These clubrooms were constructed for the Tattersalls Club of Brisbane in 1925–26, with extensions in 1938–39 and 1949.</p><br>
<p>Tattersalls Club was formed in November 1883, following the model of sporting clubs established in Britain. It was particularly concerned with horse racing, and the club held its first race meeting in 1884. Tattersalls Club met in the Australian Hotel at the corner of Queen and Albert Streets from 1883 until 1888 and then subsequently leased various premises as its clubrooms. Tattersalls made several inner city property investments, the sale of which financed the acquisition of a site in Edward Street for new clubrooms, as well as a 6 by 6 feet by 64 feet right of way to Queen Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 an adjoining property in Queen Street was bought for £18,500 to enable the clubrooms to be extended. Constructed by J Hutchinson and Son, to the designs of T R Hall and L B Phillips, these extensions contained a new Art Deco dining room and were opened on 27 June 1939. The Members Dining Room features a 10.7m high ceiling, Queensland maple and silky oak, a mezzanine balcony, and murals created by local artists W Bustard, C H Lancaster, P Stanhope Hobday and Melville Haysom that depict the Australian landscape. The Art Deco features of this stunning room includes several decorative windows, grooved plasterwork in the ceiling and striking marble columns. In 1949 further Queen Street property was acquired and again the club expanded with the provision of a library and new offices.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 Tattersalls was refurbished with altered floor levels at a cost of $5,000,000. A new Queen Street entrance was constructed, and incorporated a vaulted ceiling and the Daphne Mayo friezes from the original entry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tattersalls Club is a three- and four-storeyed building with frontages to Edward Street and Queen Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Street facade is in the Classical Revival style and in materials and detail is linked with the neighbouring Ascot Chambers. The central three bays on the upper two levels have flanking Giant order pilasters, with double pilasters, at each end. The two outer sections have arched openings on the top level and a cantilevered balcony with cast iron railings. Below the cantilevered steel awning the building has modern shopfronts to each side of the arcade.</p><br>
<p>The later Queen Street facade is in the Art Deco style and comprises three bays separated by giant order pilasters. The parapet has the name TATTERSALLS CLUB. The building has stone facing on a concrete frame. Recent additions are aluminium sun-hoods to the windows of the upper two levels. Below the building&#39;s cantilevered awning are modern shopfronts. The recent renovation of the arcade has seen the reinstatement of the Daphne Mayo frieze above the shopfronts.</p><br>
<p>The upper floors of the Edward Street building contain the main hall. An ornate fibrous plaster vaulted ceiling supported on timber trusses spans the hall and the back wall contains another frieze by the Daphne Mayo. The upper gallery contains a barber shop, turkish baths, card room, reception rooms and library. The dining hall located on the upper floors of the Queen Street building has a 10.7 m high ceiling and walls decorated in grey and white marble. This space features wall paintings by local artists. The arcade on the ground floor dates from the 1990 refurbishment.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tattersalls Club was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The club buildings are significant for their close association with the Tattersalls Club, one of Brisbane&#39;s most prestigious social and sporting clubs.</p><br>
<p>They are an important illustration of the importation and translation of English social traditions to Queensland, remaining a substantially intact example of a traditional gentlemen&#39;s club providing luxuriously appointed rooms and facilities for its members.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They are an important illustration of the importation and translation of English social traditions to Queensland, remaining a substantially intact example of a traditional gentlemen&#39;s club providing luxuriously appointed rooms and facilities for its members.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are significant for the quality and intactness of the interiors on the upper levels, which incorporate Queensland materials and works by local artists.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The friezes are the work of prominent Queensland sculptor, Daphne Mayo, and are considered particularly good illustrations of her work. The facades are good examples of the Classical Revival and Art Deco Styles by important Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice, and later, Hall and Phillips.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The friezes are the work of prominent Queensland sculptor, Daphne Mayo, and are considered particularly good illustrations of her work. The facades are good examples of the Classical Revival and Art Deco Styles by important Brisbane architects Hall and Prentice, and later, Hall and Phillips.</p><br>
<p>The American Woolen Company Foxcroft Mill or Mayo & Son Woolen Mill is a group of seven historic buildings and three structures on East Main Street in downtown Dover-Foxcroft, Maine. The district is located on 2.77 acre. The Foxcroft Mill is located on the west side of the Piscataquis River, which flows through downtown Dover-Foxcroft. The buildings were built between 1844 and 1941, and have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mill site has an industrial history dating to 1822, although the oldest surviving element of it, a foundation, dates to the 1844 mill built by James Mayo and several partners. Over the next century it went through a number of ownership changes, and the complex grew to include all of the surviving buildings by 1941. During this time the mill was one of the major employers in the region, producing woolen cloth which was carried by cart (and later truck) to the nearest railroad depot. The oldest standing buildings in the complex are wood frame storage buildings, one dated to c. 1879 with Italianate styling, and a second whose date of construction is uncertain, but predates 1882. One of the most unusual buildings is the 1908 concrete mill building, which is 23 bays long and three large bays wide. It is one of the earliest known uses of concrete as a structural building material in the state. The last building to be built, the 1941 storage and shipping building, was built on the foundations of Mayo&#39;s original 1844 mill, which was demolished to make way for it.</p><br>
<p>The textile business was shut down in 1953, and the complex was sold to Moosehead Manufacturing, which manufactured wood products (mostly furniture) on the premises. That business closed in 2007. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the complex saw major renovations done. The renovations, which include the addition of both commercial and residential space, were the largest private sector investments in Piscataquis County, Maine in decades.</p><br>
<p>The Former Greenwood Town Hall is located at 270 Main Street  in Locke Mills, the main village of Greenwood, Maine. Completed in 1931, the building has been a center of civic and social activities since, hosting town meetings, elections, school graduations, dances, and private functions. It was replaced as town hall by the present facilities in 1988, and is now maintained by a local non-profit. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Greenwood Town Hall is a large two story wood frame structure, three bays wide and six deep, with a front gable roof. The main entrance is centered on the front (north-facing) facade, and is sheltered by a hip-roof portico supported by Tuscan columns. The entry is flanked by sash windows on either side, with three matching windows on the second level, and a slightly smaller window set in the gable end above. The west elevation has a secondary entrance in the last bay, and four of the remaining five bays on the first floor have windows, while all do so on the second floor. The rear elevation has a small shed-roof addition with pit toilets.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance opens into a full-width vestibule area with a broad stairway leading to the second floor. Behind the vestibule is a space originally used to house town offices. The upstairs contains a large auditorium space, with a stage at the southern end. The vestibule and auditorium feature varnished wainscoting, the remainder of the walls being finished in fiberboard, which has retained original color in the vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Despite contradictory information in town histories placing the halls construction in 1932 or 1933, the towns records indicate funds were appropriate for its construction in 1929 and 1930, and that the first town meeting held in the hall took place in 1931. Construction of the hall appears to have been a community effort, which included significant donations of materials and labor. The total cost paid by the town for the building was $8,000.</p><br>
<p>The hall immediately became a social and civic center for the town. It hosted school graduation ceremonies, town meetings, musical performances, theatrical events, and dances (which continue to be held periodically now). During the Second World War, members of the National Guard drilled in the auditorium. In 1988 the town offices were moved to a new facility; the building is now cared for by a local non-profit organization. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kushaqua is a 375-acre lake near Loon Lake and Rainbow Lake in the town of Franklin; it is on the North Branch of the Saranac River. The shoreline is state owned except for two small inholdings. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation operates a campground on Kushaqua and nearby Buck Pond.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of the Lake Kushaqua Hotel, built in 1893, which was one of the first hotels in the Adirondacks with electric lighting. It was accessible via the Chateaugay Railroad and the Adirondack Division of the New York Central Railroad, which passed the lake on either side.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the Stony Wold Sanatorium was built on 1800 acres bordering the lake.</p><br>
<p>The rail bed of the Delaware and Hudson line runs along the eastern shore of the lake, past the Buck Pond campground, and that of the Adirondack Division of the New York Central Railroad runs along the western shore past the remaining buildings of Stony Wold: the beautiful chapel and two cottages on the lake shore. When it was built, the 1200-acre sanatorium property included all of Lake Kushaqua and nearby Buck Pond, purchased in 1901 for $20,000. When the sanatorium closed in the 1950s, it was given to the White Fathers of Africa; they sold it to the state in 1970, after which the huge main building, laundry and power plant were destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>(Creative Commons Attribution License)</p><br>
<p>New York Times, September 3, 1893, "&#39;Beautiful Resting Place, Such Is Lake Kushaqua In The Adirondacks"</p><br>
<p>Frederick J. Seaver, Historical Sketches of Franklin County, Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Co., 1918, Chapter XVI, Franklin</p><br>
<p>Adirondack Daily Enterprise, February 17, 1959, "White Fathers Plans For Stony Wold Set"</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Chehalis Gap is a gap in the Coast Range of Washington State between the southernmost foothills of the Olympic Mountains called the Satsop Hills, and the Willapa Hills.</p><br>
<p>The gap is a major geographic feature of the northwestern United States. Other geographic features in the gap include Chehalis River, Grays Harbor, and Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge in its estuary. USA Route 12 runs through the gap from Elma near Capitol State Forest to Aberdeen on Grays Harbor near the coast, paralleled by the former USA Route 410 and Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The broad valley in the gap is considered outsized for the river it now carries, the Chehalis River, theorized to be due to its enlargement during the Pleistocene ice age when it carried meltwater from mile-high glaciers in what is now Puget Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and meteorology</h2><br>
<p>The gap is responsible for climate and meteorological effects in Puget Sound region, including the Puget Sound Convergence Zone, marine push, diurnal wind circulation (sea breeze), and the relatively high precipitation compared to areas in the Olympic Mountains&#39; rain shadow. Without the gap, the climate would be more like that of semiarid Eastern Washington. The cities closest to the gap, like Olympia, get considerably more rain than those farther away, like Seattle. Air quality in the Puget Sound region is also affected by availability of fresh Pacific air from the Chehalis Gap to recharge the air which otherwise can stagnate and trap air pollution from industry and vehicles in the Seattle metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>There are indications that a low level jet may be associated with the Chehalis Gap.</p><br>
<h2>Water</h2><br>
<p>Municipal water supply in the Puget Sound metropolitan area is dependent on the rainfall which is in part attributed to the presence of the Chehalis Gap. The unique climate and topography of the Puget Sound region mean that water from weather systems from the Pacific, particularly winter storms, falls preferentially in southwestern facing, elevated areas exposed to moist Pacific air, especially where the gap causes an "anti" rain shadow. Seattle, and Everett and Bremerton all have municipal reservoirs in the hills surrounding each city, sometimes tens of miles (kilometers) away.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca War Memorial and Park is a heritage-listed memorial and park at Enoggera Terrace, Paddington, Queensland, Australia. The memorial was designed and built by Arthur Henry Thurlow between 1921 and 1925. The park was built and designed by Alexander Jolly. It is also known as Alexander Jolly Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ithaca War Memorial and Park was created c.1922 by a committee on behalf of the citizens of the Town of Ithaca. The monument was designed and executed by Brisbane monumental masonry firm Arthur Henry Thurlow, under the supervision of R Black, the Ithaca town engineer. The park was laid out by Ithaca Town Council landscape gardener, Alexander Jolly.</p><br>
<h3>The monument</h3><br>
<p>The Ithaca Town Council first considered the creation of a memorial to the fallen as early as October 1915. In February 1916, the mayor W. R. Warmington unveiled an honour board listing the names of those from Ithaca who had volunteered for war service. Although unveiled at the Picture Palace in Enoggera Terrace, Red Hill, the intention was that the honour board would be permanently located in the Ithaca Town Council Chambers. At the time of its unveiling, the honour board contained over 400 names (of an estimated 700) as the council was dependent on relatives and friends sending in the names of those serving. By January 1917, the honour board was housed in the Council Chambers and had over 600 names. However, by later that year, there was a strong desire to have a more public acknowledgement of those served. In October 1917, there was a proposal by the Ithaca Parks Committee to plant an avenue of trees from Milton Road to Nash Street, while in November 1917 a meeting of citizens formed a committee to come up with a public memorial proposal. However, plans were abandoned in January 1918 when the Queensland Government&#39;s War Committee would not issue a permit to collect funds for the war memorials while war needs still went unmet.</p><br>
<p>However, after the Armistice on 11 November 1918, the desire for a memorial to the Ithaca fallen resurfaced. A week after the Armistice, the Town Council again considered planting trees with each one to individually commemorate a resident who had died in military service. However, by late 1919, funds were being raised for the memorial with the Ithaca Town Council committing to contribute 20% of the funds raised by residents, but the precise form of the memorial was yet to be determined despite numerous public meetings. Fundraising via donations, fetes, concerts and other activities continued until in June 1921 the Council decided that the funds (by then £650) were sufficient to consider designs of the memorial. The Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia proposed a memorial hall, suggesting it would be of greater community benefit than a monument, but the town council was concerned about ongoing maintenance cost of a hall. In July 1921, a decision had been made to commission a monument which would be located on Cook&#39;s Hill and would have the names of the fallen engraved upon it.</p><br>
<p>The Ithaca War Memorial was finally unveiled on 25 February 1922 by Sir Matthew Nathan, Governor of Queensland. The final cost of £650 was raised by the local community. The stone memorial honours the 130 local men who died on active service during the First World War.</p><br>
<p>There were many different types of war memorials erected in Queensland, however, clock towers were comparatively rare. The memorial at Ithaca is the earliest of this type of memorial, and is the only one of its type in Brisbane. The clock was manufactured by the well-known Synchronome Electric Company of Brisbane, initially driven by a master clock in the adjacent Ithaca Fire Station.</p><br>
<h3>The park</h3><br>
<p>The park is situated on a parcel of land sandwiched between Enoggera and Latrobe Terraces on Cooks Hill. It was, and remains crown land designated for road purposes, but by 1922 the cutting along Latrobe Terrace negated future road use. The road survives only in the asphalted walkway beside the park, linking Enoggera and Latrobe Terraces.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, Ithaca experienced a housing and population boom largely attributable to the expansion of the tramways through the area. Subsequently, in the 1910s the Ithaca Town Council embarked on a programme of civic improvements which included the formation and metalling of roads; tree planting; and the establishment of numerous embankment gardens, small reserves and street gardens.</p><br>
<p>Because of the hilly terrain, many of the new streets were divided, leaving embankments which the Ithaca Town Council considered were cheaper to plant and beautify than to cut down. This innovation in Brisbane civic landscaping led to the Council receiving numerous requests from other councils, interstate as well as Queensland, for photographs and plans of Ithaca street improvements. The War Memorial Park is one of the few areas from this period to have survived. Only small sections of the Waterworks Road rockeries remain, and most of the Cook&#39;s Hill garden was destroyed when the Paddington Tramways Substation was erected in 1929–30.</p><br>
<p>At the time of unveiling the hill top on which the memorial is located was bare, permitting the memorial to be a dominant landmark. Now that trees have become established, the landmark qualities of the memorial itself have diminished somewhat. However, the setting and location still forms a landmark within the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The landscaping of the park was carried out by Alexander Jolly, Ithaca Town Council landscape gardener (and father of the first Mayor of Greater Brisbane, William Jolly). Son of a Scottish farmer, and a horticultural enthusiast, Jolly had arrived in Brisbane in 1879, aged 22 years. He was head gardener on Alexander Stewart&#39;s Glen Lyon estate at Ashgrove for at least seven years before he went to work for the Ithaca Town Council.</p><br>
<p>Jolly was a self-educated man, whose lifetime of gardening experience transformed the Ithaca townscape in the period c.1915–25. Other landscaping works by Jolly included the rockeries along Musgrave and Waterworks Roads and the landscaping of Cook&#39;s Hill. After his death in March 1925, the memorial park was renamed the Alexander Jolly Park, "in memory of one of the most esteemed men in the district", and as a "unique tribute... to the pick and shovel".</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Jolly Park, now known as Ithaca Memorial Park, has been maintained by the Brisbane City Council since 1925.</p><br>
<h3>Significance of war memorials in Australia</h3><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ithaca Memorial Park is located on a south sloping site on the side of a ridge, fronting Enoggera Terrace to the north and with a steep embankment to Latrobe Terrace below to the south. A bitumen path leads down at the eastern side boundary to Latrobe Terrace below. Another asphalt path, at a lesser gradient, sweeps up around the southwestern side of the memorial to Enoggera Terrace. The site includes two mature ficus trees on the western side and a planted embankment down to Latrobe Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial comprises a pedestal and column surmounted by a clock with a face on all four sides. It sits on a square concrete platform and is surrounded by dry stone retaining walls and a concrete path. Steps lead to the memorial from each of the four sides forming a cross in plan, with the overall geometry softened by planting, retaining walls and the steep slope of the site.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone memorial sits on a smooth faced base step which is surmounted by a larger step of sandstone blocks with tapered sides. On the front face of this is a marble plaque. The pedestal comprises a recessed square pillar with engaged columns at each corner. Each face bears a recessed marble plate with the leaded names of the 130 men who died. The columns have Composite order capitals and bases and support a large entablature. The frieze has relief carved festoons on each face and has a small dentil course under the cornice which is composed of cyma recta and cyma reversa mouldings.</p><br>
<p>The entablature is surmounted by a square pillar on a slightly larger square base. Each face bears a semi circular recess with the word "Ithaca" carved in relief and pateras on each side. Above this is the pillar itself. Each face has a recessed panel with moulding and on the side facing Enoggera Terrace are two relief carved flags with the inscription "Honour the Brave" below. The pillar is surmounted by the clock which comprises a clock face on each side with hood moulds over each face. The top of the memorial is rounded and crowned by a sandstone sphere.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ithaca War Memorial and Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as the earliest example of the clock tower type of memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Erected, the memorial at Ithaca demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The aesthetic qualities and landmark value of the memorial in its purpose-designed setting contributes to the Paddington townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as a focal point for remembrance of that event. The park also has special associations with landscape gardener Alexander Jolly as one of the few remaining examples of his work, and with monumental masonry firm A H Thurlow.</p><br>
<p>The Security Building, also known as the Stampfer Building, is a historic structure in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The cream-colored building is associated with the J. F. Stampfer Co. department store.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dan A. Sullivan founded a dry goods store with Paul Kees in 1877. When Kees died in 1883, he was replaced with Joseph Frederick Stampfer. The store originally operated in the Town Clock Building. Stampfer formed a partnership with F. W. Altman to raise stock for the construction of a new building in 1895. In 1896, the firm commissioned the southern half of the Security Building. Across the street from the Town Clock Building, the Security Building sat on the central block of town. A grand opening was held on September 22. Household goods were sold on the third floor, millinery and other clothing was on the second floor, and women&#39;s attire was on the first floor. The fourth floor was probably used as a warehouse.</p><br>
<p>Stampfer himself designed the interior of the structure while Fridolin J. Heer & Son were commissioned to design the exterior. The design, with its cream terra cotta exterior, was a departure from other Dubuque brick-and-stone architecture. The original plan was the double the size of the building in 1898; however, for unknown reasons, this did not happen. Sullivan retired in 1901 and the firm became known as the J. F. Stampfer Company. The northern half was added in 1907, designed by Thomas Carkeek. The upper floors of this half of the store were leased out to the Boston One Price Clothing Store and the Harger & Blish booksellers. Stampfer occupied all of the first floor. The store occupied the building through the late 1960s. Thomas M. Stampfer, the son of Joseph, assumed the presidency following Joseph&#39;s death in 1937. He changed the name of the building to the Stampfer Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 2006.</p><br>
